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Biology 121 > Module 2 Part A > Flashcards

Module 2 Part A Flashcards

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1
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Factors that influence components of a living organism

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2
Q

Examples of abiotic factors

A

Viruses, molecules, anything with a living purpose, prions and virons

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3
Q

What do all living things have in common

A

All living things are made up of one or more cells

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4
Q

What do all living things have

A

DNA, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm

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5
Q

What are cells

A

The basic structural and functional units of all living organisms
Contain DNA, cell membranes and ribosomes
Produced by preexisting cells
Have basically the same chemical composition

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6
Q

Cell membranes

A

Barrier between the living cell and the outside enviroment

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7
Q

Where is heredity information of all living things is coded

A

DNA and RNA

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8
Q

Four Genetic letters in DNA

A

ATGC

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9
Q

RNA

A

Uracil and Thymine

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10
Q

What is the unity of life

A

That we all share a common ancestor

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11
Q

Tree of life

A

Phylogenetic (evolutionary relationships) of organisms

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12
Q

How are cells produced

A

Produced from the division of pre existing cells

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13
Q

What much water do plants contain

A

80%-90%

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14
Q

How much water do mammals contain

A

50%-60%

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15
Q

Four elements in an organism

A

Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon
Nitrogen

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16
Q

Why is nitrogen important

A

Vital element in all proteins

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17
Q

What are the vital elements

A

Calcium
Phosphoroous
Sodium
Potassium

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18
Q

Why are calcium and phosphorous important

A

Components of skeletons and shells of animals

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19
Q

Why are sodium and potassium important

A

Key regulators of water movement and electrical currents that occur across the surfaces of many cells

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20
Q

Trace elements

A

All living organisms require them

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21
Q

Aluminum in bears

A

Possible co factor for chemical reactions

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22
Q

Alumuminum impact in plants

A

Toxic

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23
Q

Biomolecules

A

Specialized marcomolecules in living organisms

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24
Q

What are all the marcomolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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25
Q

Inanimate matter

A

When only maximum of one or 2 biomolecules exist. But not all of them

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26
Q

Example of inanimate matter

A

Viruses have lipids and nucleic acids but not protein or carbs

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27
Q

What do proteins and nucleic acids both contain

A

Nitrogen atoms

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28
Q

Hierarchy of life

A

Atoms/elements
molecules
cells
tissues
organ
organ system
organism
species
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere

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29
Q

Population

A

A localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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29
Q

Community

A

All organisms (as assemblage of populations of different species) that live in a particular area

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30
Q

Biospher

A

The sum of all ecosystems

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30
Q

Ecosystems

A

All organisms in a specific area as well as the abiotic factor (water, soil)

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31
Q

Living organsims consist of

A

one or more cells

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32
Q

Are protists larger than bacteria?

A

Yes

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33
Q

Whats larger: plant and animal cells or bacteria

A

Plant and animal cells

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34
Q

What happens to the cell as surface area to volume ratio increases

A

Cell becomes smaller

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35
Q

What happens to cell when surface to volume ratio decreases

A

Cell becomes bigger

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36
Q

Sulphur proteo- bacterium

A

Unusually large bacteria

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37
Q

Bubble algae

A

Large Protist

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38
Q

killer sea weed

A

Green alga
Very large protist

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39
Q

What ere cytoplasmic compartments interconnected by

A

Microtubules

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40
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Usually unicellular
Lack membrane bound organelles
DNA is organized in a single chromosome
No mitosis

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41
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Has membrane bound organelles
DNA organized in multiple chromosomes inside nucleus, Mitotic division

42
Q

Maintaining a highly ordered state requires

A

Constantly required energy

43
Q

Autotrophs

A

Synthesize their own food
Use external energy source to produce organic matter from inorganic raw materials

44
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Require performed organic molecules
Use energy in organic matter obtained (eaten) from other organims

45
Q

What do organic molecules have

A

Carbon and Hydrogen together

46
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Use light and sun (energy) and inorganic materials (H20 and co2)
Mostly plants
Photosynthesis

47
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Use inorganic compounds (H gas; S, NH3, nitrites, Fe) as energy sources

48
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Use light from SUN to generate ATP, but need to take in organic compounds from their enviroment

49
Q

Examples of Photoheterotrohs

A

Halobacterium, Chloroflexus

50
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

Must obtain organic compounds for both energy and as a carbon source

51
Q

Examples of chemoheterotroph

A

Bacteria - Propionobacterium
Acneas

52
Q

Photoautotroph in Prokaryotes

A

Anabena

53
Q

Chemoautotrophs in Prokaryotes

A

Sulphur bacteria

54
Q

Photoheterotroph in prokaryotes

A

Halobacterium

55
Q

Chemoheterotroph in Prokaryotes

A

Bifidobacterium

56
Q

Photoautotrophs in protists

A

Fucus and Micarsterias

57
Q

Chemoheterotroph in Protists

A

Amoeba and Paramecium

58
Q

Didinium Nasutum

A

Predators to paramecium
Use specialized structures (Toxicysts) to attached to prey and paralyze it. Then ingest its prey through a cytosome

59
Q

Adaptations of didinium nasutum

A

Toxicyts: For Paralyzation
Cytosome: For ingestion

60
Q

Sundews

A

Modifies leafs and secrete glucose to attract insects: then roll over and trap the insect to get nitrogen

61
Q

Pitcher plants

A

Full of water: Secrete sugar to attract ants and insects will drown

62
Q

Venus Fly trap

A

Modifies leaves that have sensory heads with sugar mol
and eats it

63
Q

Whats common about Sundews, Pitcher plants and venus fly trap

A

Have adaptations that allow to get access to nitrogen
Have modifies leaves with secrete suagrs to attract yum yums
All autotrophs
Not mixotrophs!

64
Q

Mistletoe

A

A parasitic plant
Autotrophic
Evergreen leaves used for photosynthesis
Photoautotrophs

65
Q

Host of mistletoe

A

Silver birch: Host mainly for water and mineral nutrients

66
Q

Are all plants autotrophic

A

No

67
Q

Whats unique about Indian pipe, snow plant and Birds nest orchid

A

Heterotrophic
Lack chlorophyll or a functional photosystem
Gets organic molecules from another organism: Parasitizes myocorrhizal fungus

68
Q

Montora uniflora (Indian Pipe, Ghost plant)

A

Heterotrophic
Takes organic molecules from the fungus
There is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of photosynthetic plant

69
Q

Benifit to plant

A

Fungus extended reach of roots advtangeous to water and nutrient uptake

70
Q

Benifit to fungus

A

Plant provides sugars

71
Q

All fungi are

A

Heterotrophic

72
Q

How are fungi Heterotrophs? Sources?

A

Nutrients are aquired by absorbtion: Extracellular digestion
Some fungi use enzymes to digest and break down lanrge molecules for absorbtion
Other fungi break down cell walls of other organisms allowing them to access to the nutrients inside those cells

73
Q

Elysia Chlorotica

A

Heterotrophic
Green sea slug
Adaptive as it takes in the photosynthetic components from the eaten algae which allows it to photosynthesize

74
Q

Life Conducts

A

Metabolism

75
Q

Organisms

A

Grow/develop

76
Q

Metamorphosis

A

Changes in life cycle

77
Q

Living Organisms exhibit

A

Homeostasis

78
Q

Thermotaxis

A

Temperature

79
Q

Photoaxis

A

Light

80
Q

Chaemoaxis

A

Chemicals

81
Q

Cichlid fish

A

Always has a dominant male with right to mate with the femlaes within the group

82
Q

Macho male

A

Dominant
Very colourful
Stronger

83
Q

Whimpy male

A

Males
Very small
No color

84
Q

What happens when macho male is removed

A

Whimpy males fight amongst each other until one of them wins
Chemical signals (harmones) cooredinates developmental, physiological and behavioural changes in an animal in response to stimuli
Winner becomes biiger and changes colour

85
Q

Sensitive plant Mimosa pudica

A

If one leaflet touches, electrical signals travel throughout plant causing the entire leaf to fold

86
Q

4 types of asexual reproduction

A

Fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Parthenogenesis (Animals)

87
Q

Fission

A

One individual seperates into 2 indentical individuals

88
Q

RO’s that go through Binary fission

A

Paramecium and Micarsterias

89
Q

Multiple Fission

A

One individual seperates into several individuals of equal size

90
Q

Example of multiple fission

A

Plasmodium
Causative agent for malaria

91
Q

Amoeba Proteus how many modes of asexual reproduction?

A

Binary fission and Multiple fission (Undergoes mitosis)

92
Q

Budding

A

New individuals arises from an outgrowth of another

93
Q

Example of budding

A

Hydra

94
Q

Main difference between Budding and binary fission

A

Daughter cell is not same
Offspring are smaller than the adult
Found in bacteria and protists

95
Q

Fragmentation and Regeneration

A

Parent breaks off into pieces, each piece gives rise to a new individual

96
Q

Examples of fragmentation

A

Anabena

97
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Development of an individual from an unfertilized egg

98
Q

Example of parthenogenesis

A

Desert - Grassland Whiptail lizards
No male
they are both females

99
Q

Colonial honney bees

A

Sexual reproduction eggs being fertilized by drones

100
Q

Drones

A

Haploid males (Parthenogenesis)

101
Q

Queen

A

Diploid (Sexual Reproduction)

102
Q

Workers

A

Diploid (Sexual Reproduction)

103
Q
A

Biology 121 (10 decks)

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