Module 2 Part A Flashcards
Abiotic factors
Factors that influence components of a living organism
Examples of abiotic factors
Viruses, molecules, anything with a living purpose, prions and virons
What do all living things have in common
All living things are made up of one or more cells
What do all living things have
DNA, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm
What are cells
The basic structural and functional units of all living organisms
Contain DNA, cell membranes and ribosomes
Produced by preexisting cells
Have basically the same chemical composition
Cell membranes
Barrier between the living cell and the outside enviroment
Where is heredity information of all living things is coded
DNA and RNA
Four Genetic letters in DNA
ATGC
RNA
Uracil and Thymine
What is the unity of life
That we all share a common ancestor
Tree of life
Phylogenetic (evolutionary relationships) of organisms
How are cells produced
Produced from the division of pre existing cells
What much water do plants contain
80%-90%
How much water do mammals contain
50%-60%
Four elements in an organism
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Why is nitrogen important
Vital element in all proteins
What are the vital elements
Calcium
Phosphoroous
Sodium
Potassium
Why are calcium and phosphorous important
Components of skeletons and shells of animals
Why are sodium and potassium important
Key regulators of water movement and electrical currents that occur across the surfaces of many cells
Trace elements
All living organisms require them
Aluminum in bears
Possible co factor for chemical reactions
Alumuminum impact in plants
Toxic
Biomolecules
Specialized marcomolecules in living organisms
What are all the marcomolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Inanimate matter
When only maximum of one or 2 biomolecules exist. But not all of them
Example of inanimate matter
Viruses have lipids and nucleic acids but not protein or carbs
What do proteins and nucleic acids both contain
Nitrogen atoms
Hierarchy of life
Atoms/elements
molecules
cells
tissues
organ
organ system
organism
species
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere
Population
A localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Community
All organisms (as assemblage of populations of different species) that live in a particular area
Biospher
The sum of all ecosystems
Ecosystems
All organisms in a specific area as well as the abiotic factor (water, soil)
Living organsims consist of
one or more cells
Are protists larger than bacteria?
Yes
Whats larger: plant and animal cells or bacteria
Plant and animal cells
What happens to the cell as surface area to volume ratio increases
Cell becomes smaller
What happens to cell when surface to volume ratio decreases
Cell becomes bigger
Sulphur proteo- bacterium
Unusually large bacteria
Bubble algae
Large Protist
killer sea weed
Green alga
Very large protist
What ere cytoplasmic compartments interconnected by
Microtubules
Prokaryotes
Usually unicellular
Lack membrane bound organelles
DNA is organized in a single chromosome
No mitosis
Eukaryotes
Has membrane bound organelles
DNA organized in multiple chromosomes inside nucleus, Mitotic division
Maintaining a highly ordered state requires
Constantly required energy
Autotrophs
Synthesize their own food
Use external energy source to produce organic matter from inorganic raw materials
Heterotrophs
Require performed organic molecules
Use energy in organic matter obtained (eaten) from other organims
What do organic molecules have
Carbon and Hydrogen together
Photoautotrophs
Use light and sun (energy) and inorganic materials (H20 and co2)
Mostly plants
Photosynthesis
Chemoautotrophs
Use inorganic compounds (H gas; S, NH3, nitrites, Fe) as energy sources
Photoheterotrophs
Use light from SUN to generate ATP, but need to take in organic compounds from their enviroment
Examples of Photoheterotrohs
Halobacterium, Chloroflexus
Chemoheterotroph
Must obtain organic compounds for both energy and as a carbon source
Examples of chemoheterotroph
Bacteria - Propionobacterium
Acneas
Photoautotroph in Prokaryotes
Anabena
Chemoautotrophs in Prokaryotes
Sulphur bacteria
Photoheterotroph in prokaryotes
Halobacterium
Chemoheterotroph in Prokaryotes
Bifidobacterium
Photoautotrophs in protists
Fucus and Micarsterias
Chemoheterotroph in Protists
Amoeba and Paramecium
Didinium Nasutum
Predators to paramecium
Use specialized structures (Toxicysts) to attached to prey and paralyze it. Then ingest its prey through a cytosome
Adaptations of didinium nasutum
Toxicyts: For Paralyzation
Cytosome: For ingestion
Sundews
Modifies leafs and secrete glucose to attract insects: then roll over and trap the insect to get nitrogen
Pitcher plants
Full of water: Secrete sugar to attract ants and insects will drown
Venus Fly trap
Modifies leaves that have sensory heads with sugar mol
and eats it
Whats common about Sundews, Pitcher plants and venus fly trap
Have adaptations that allow to get access to nitrogen
Have modifies leaves with secrete suagrs to attract yum yums
All autotrophs
Not mixotrophs!
Mistletoe
A parasitic plant
Autotrophic
Evergreen leaves used for photosynthesis
Photoautotrophs
Host of mistletoe
Silver birch: Host mainly for water and mineral nutrients
Are all plants autotrophic
No
Whats unique about Indian pipe, snow plant and Birds nest orchid
Heterotrophic
Lack chlorophyll or a functional photosystem
Gets organic molecules from another organism: Parasitizes myocorrhizal fungus
Montora uniflora (Indian Pipe, Ghost plant)
Heterotrophic
Takes organic molecules from the fungus
There is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of photosynthetic plant
Benifit to plant
Fungus extended reach of roots advtangeous to water and nutrient uptake
Benifit to fungus
Plant provides sugars
All fungi are
Heterotrophic
How are fungi Heterotrophs? Sources?
Nutrients are aquired by absorbtion: Extracellular digestion
Some fungi use enzymes to digest and break down lanrge molecules for absorbtion
Other fungi break down cell walls of other organisms allowing them to access to the nutrients inside those cells
Elysia Chlorotica
Heterotrophic
Green sea slug
Adaptive as it takes in the photosynthetic components from the eaten algae which allows it to photosynthesize
Life Conducts
Metabolism
Organisms
Grow/develop
Metamorphosis
Changes in life cycle
Living Organisms exhibit
Homeostasis
Thermotaxis
Temperature
Photoaxis
Light
Chaemoaxis
Chemicals
Cichlid fish
Always has a dominant male with right to mate with the femlaes within the group
Macho male
Dominant
Very colourful
Stronger
Whimpy male
Males
Very small
No color
What happens when macho male is removed
Whimpy males fight amongst each other until one of them wins
Chemical signals (harmones) cooredinates developmental, physiological and behavioural changes in an animal in response to stimuli
Winner becomes biiger and changes colour
Sensitive plant Mimosa pudica
If one leaflet touches, electrical signals travel throughout plant causing the entire leaf to fold
4 types of asexual reproduction
Fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Parthenogenesis (Animals)
Fission
One individual seperates into 2 indentical individuals
RO’s that go through Binary fission
Paramecium and Micarsterias
Multiple Fission
One individual seperates into several individuals of equal size
Example of multiple fission
Plasmodium
Causative agent for malaria
Amoeba Proteus how many modes of asexual reproduction?
Binary fission and Multiple fission (Undergoes mitosis)
Budding
New individuals arises from an outgrowth of another
Example of budding
Hydra
Main difference between Budding and binary fission
Daughter cell is not same
Offspring are smaller than the adult
Found in bacteria and protists
Fragmentation and Regeneration
Parent breaks off into pieces, each piece gives rise to a new individual
Examples of fragmentation
Anabena
Parthenogenesis
Development of an individual from an unfertilized egg
Example of parthenogenesis
Desert - Grassland Whiptail lizards
No male
they are both females
Colonial honney bees
Sexual reproduction eggs being fertilized by drones
Drones
Haploid males (Parthenogenesis)
Queen
Diploid (Sexual Reproduction)
Workers
Diploid (Sexual Reproduction)
