Module 2 Part A Flashcards
1
Q
Abiotic factors
A
Factors that influence components of a living organism
2
Q
Examples of abiotic factors
A
Viruses, molecules, anything with a living purpose, prions and virons
3
Q
What do all living things have in common
A
All living things are made up of one or more cells
4
Q
What do all living things have
A
DNA, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm
5
Q
What are cells
A
The basic structural and functional units of all living organisms
Contain DNA, cell membranes and ribosomes
Produced by preexisting cells
Have basically the same chemical composition
6
Q
Cell membranes
A
Barrier between the living cell and the outside enviroment
7
Q
Where is heredity information of all living things is coded
A
DNA and RNA
8
Q
Four Genetic letters in DNA
A
ATGC
9
Q
RNA
A
Uracil and Thymine
10
Q
What is the unity of life
A
That we all share a common ancestor
11
Q
Tree of life
A
Phylogenetic (evolutionary relationships) of organisms
12
Q
How are cells produced
A
Produced from the division of pre existing cells
13
Q
What much water do plants contain
A
80%-90%
14
Q
How much water do mammals contain
A
50%-60%
15
Q
Four elements in an organism
A
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon
Nitrogen
16
Q
Why is nitrogen important
A
Vital element in all proteins
17
Q
What are the vital elements
A
Calcium
Phosphoroous
Sodium
Potassium
18
Q
Why are calcium and phosphorous important
A
Components of skeletons and shells of animals
19
Q
Why are sodium and potassium important
A
Key regulators of water movement and electrical currents that occur across the surfaces of many cells
20
Q
Trace elements
A
All living organisms require them
21
Q
Aluminum in bears
A
Possible co factor for chemical reactions
22
Q
Alumuminum impact in plants
A
Toxic
23
Q
Biomolecules
A
Specialized marcomolecules in living organisms
24
Q
What are all the marcomolecules
A
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
25
Inanimate matter
When only maximum of one or 2 biomolecules exist. But not all of them
26
Example of inanimate matter
Viruses have lipids and nucleic acids but not protein or carbs
27
What do proteins and nucleic acids both contain
Nitrogen atoms
28
Hierarchy of life
Atoms/elements
molecules
cells
tissues
organ
organ system
organism
species
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere
29
Population
A localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
29
Community
All organisms (as assemblage of populations of different species) that live in a particular area
30
Biospher
The sum of all ecosystems
30
Ecosystems
All organisms in a specific area as well as the abiotic factor (water, soil)
31
Living organsims consist of
one or more cells
32
Are protists larger than bacteria?
Yes
33
Whats larger: plant and animal cells or bacteria
Plant and animal cells
34
What happens to the cell as surface area to volume ratio increases
Cell becomes smaller
35
What happens to cell when surface to volume ratio decreases
Cell becomes bigger
36
Sulphur proteo- bacterium
Unusually large bacteria
37
Bubble algae
Large Protist
38
killer sea weed
Green alga
Very large protist
39
What ere cytoplasmic compartments interconnected by
Microtubules
40
Prokaryotes
Usually unicellular
Lack membrane bound organelles
DNA is organized in a single chromosome
No mitosis
41
Eukaryotes
Has membrane bound organelles
DNA organized in multiple chromosomes inside nucleus, Mitotic division
42
Maintaining a highly ordered state requires
Constantly required energy
43
Autotrophs
Synthesize their own food
Use external energy source to produce organic matter from inorganic raw materials
44
Heterotrophs
Require performed organic molecules
Use energy in organic matter obtained (eaten) from other organims
45
What do organic molecules have
Carbon and Hydrogen together
46
Photoautotrophs
Use light and sun (energy) and inorganic materials (H20 and co2)
Mostly plants
Photosynthesis
47
Chemoautotrophs
Use inorganic compounds (H gas; S, NH3, nitrites, Fe) as energy sources
48
Photoheterotrophs
Use light from SUN to generate ATP, but need to take in organic compounds from their enviroment
49
Examples of Photoheterotrohs
Halobacterium, Chloroflexus
50
Chemoheterotroph
Must obtain organic compounds for both energy and as a carbon source
51
Examples of chemoheterotroph
Bacteria - Propionobacterium
Acneas
52
Photoautotroph in Prokaryotes
Anabena
53
Chemoautotrophs in Prokaryotes
Sulphur bacteria
54
Photoheterotroph in prokaryotes
Halobacterium
55
Chemoheterotroph in Prokaryotes
Bifidobacterium
56
Photoautotrophs in protists
Fucus and Micarsterias
57
Chemoheterotroph in Protists
Amoeba and Paramecium
58
Didinium Nasutum
Predators to paramecium
Use specialized structures (Toxicysts) to attached to prey and paralyze it. Then ingest its prey through a cytosome
59
Adaptations of didinium nasutum
Toxicyts: For Paralyzation
Cytosome: For ingestion
60
Sundews
Modifies leafs and secrete glucose to attract insects: then roll over and trap the insect to get nitrogen
61
Pitcher plants
Full of water: Secrete sugar to attract ants and insects will drown
62
Venus Fly trap
Modifies leaves that have sensory heads with sugar mol
and eats it
63
Whats common about Sundews, Pitcher plants and venus fly trap
Have adaptations that allow to get access to nitrogen
Have modifies leaves with secrete suagrs to attract yum yums
All autotrophs
Not mixotrophs!
64
Mistletoe
A parasitic plant
Autotrophic
Evergreen leaves used for photosynthesis
Photoautotrophs
65
Host of mistletoe
Silver birch: Host mainly for water and mineral nutrients
66
Are all plants autotrophic
No
67
Whats unique about Indian pipe, snow plant and Birds nest orchid
Heterotrophic
Lack chlorophyll or a functional photosystem
Gets organic molecules from another organism: Parasitizes myocorrhizal fungus
68
Montora uniflora (Indian Pipe, Ghost plant)
Heterotrophic
Takes organic molecules from the fungus
There is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of photosynthetic plant
69
Benifit to plant
Fungus extended reach of roots advtangeous to water and nutrient uptake
70
Benifit to fungus
Plant provides sugars
71
All fungi are
Heterotrophic
72
How are fungi Heterotrophs? Sources?
Nutrients are aquired by absorbtion: Extracellular digestion
Some fungi use enzymes to digest and break down lanrge molecules for absorbtion
Other fungi break down cell walls of other organisms allowing them to access to the nutrients inside those cells
73
Elysia Chlorotica
Heterotrophic
Green sea slug
Adaptive as it takes in the photosynthetic components from the eaten algae which allows it to photosynthesize
74
Life Conducts
Metabolism
75
Organisms
Grow/develop
76
Metamorphosis
Changes in life cycle
77
Living Organisms exhibit
Homeostasis
78
Thermotaxis
Temperature
79
Photoaxis
Light
80
Chaemoaxis
Chemicals
81
Cichlid fish
Always has a dominant male with right to mate with the femlaes within the group
82
Macho male
Dominant
Very colourful
Stronger
83
Whimpy male
Males
Very small
No color
84
What happens when macho male is removed
Whimpy males fight amongst each other until one of them wins
Chemical signals (harmones) cooredinates developmental, physiological and behavioural changes in an animal in response to stimuli
Winner becomes biiger and changes colour
85
Sensitive plant Mimosa pudica
If one leaflet touches, electrical signals travel throughout plant causing the entire leaf to fold
86
4 types of asexual reproduction
Fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Parthenogenesis (Animals)
87
Fission
One individual seperates into 2 indentical individuals
88
RO's that go through Binary fission
Paramecium and Micarsterias
89
Multiple Fission
One individual seperates into several individuals of equal size
90
Example of multiple fission
Plasmodium
Causative agent for malaria
91
Amoeba Proteus how many modes of asexual reproduction?
Binary fission and Multiple fission (Undergoes mitosis)
92
Budding
New individuals arises from an outgrowth of another
93
Example of budding
Hydra
94
Main difference between Budding and binary fission
Daughter cell is not same
Offspring are smaller than the adult
Found in bacteria and protists
95
Fragmentation and Regeneration
Parent breaks off into pieces, each piece gives rise to a new individual
96
Examples of fragmentation
Anabena
97
Parthenogenesis
Development of an individual from an unfertilized egg
98
Example of parthenogenesis
Desert - Grassland Whiptail lizards
No male
they are both females
99
Colonial honney bees
Sexual reproduction eggs being fertilized by drones
100
Drones
Haploid males (Parthenogenesis)
101
Queen
Diploid (Sexual Reproduction)
102
Workers
Diploid (Sexual Reproduction)
103
