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Biology 121 > Module 4 Part 2 > Flashcards

Module 4 Part 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Whatdi todays biologists believe in the central propositions of evolution

A
  1. That all living things are descended form a common ancestor
  2. That all extant species can change and give rise to new species
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2
Q

Proailurus evolved into

A

the modern cat

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3
Q

What genus are all the bears

A

Ursus

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4
Q

Spectated bear is part of

A

Tremarctos

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5
Q

Giant panda is part of

A

Ailuropoda

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6
Q

What order are all the bears

A

Carnivora

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7
Q

How many families are in the order Carnivora

A

13 families

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8
Q

Traits of order Carnivora

A

Strong sharp claws
more than 4 toes/foot
Canine teeth

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9
Q

Every bear is omnivore except ___________

A

Giant Panda

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10
Q

Family of Bears

A

Urisdae

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11
Q

When did family urisdae occur

A

25 million years ago

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12
Q

What is the ancestor of Urisdae

A

Cephalogale

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13
Q

Next family member of family Urasus

A

Dawn Bear

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14
Q

Evidence to support the theory of evolution

A
  1. Artificial Selection
  2. Fossil and the Fossil Record
  3. Biological Design
  4. Biogeography
  5. Convergent evolution
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15
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Selective breeding of animals and plants (by humans) over 100-1000s of years

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16
Q

Difference between artificial selection and natural selection

A

Artificial Selection works much faster than natural selection

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17
Q

What does the fossil record show

A

Historical sequence of events

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18
Q

What did ancient whales look like

A

4 legged animals
Knee cap and toe bones

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19
Q

Sinonyx jiashanensis

A
  • Primarily land animal
  • Probably hunted/scavenged
  • size of a wolf
  • built for stamina and strength
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20
Q

Pakicetus inachus

A
  • Primarily a land animal (swims occasionally.)
  • Size of a wolf
  • Characteristic features of the inner ear (found only in cetaceans) - large auditory bulla formed from only the ectotympanic bone
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21
Q

Ambulocetus

A

Similar to pakicetus but with flittered feet - better adapted for swimming (most likely moved better in the water than on land)

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22
Q

Rodhocentus

A
  • paddling, reduced hind legs; neck
  • vertebrae shorter (less flexible neck), an adaptation for swimming
  • ear region more specialized for underwater hearing
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23
Q

Durodon and Basilosaurus

A
  • Vestigial hand limbs
  • propelled by sturdy front flippers and long flexible body/tail
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24
Q

Evolution of whales

A

Sinonyx - pakicetus - Ambulocetus - Rodhocetus

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25
Q

Ancestor of all living horses, donkeys and zebras

A

Hyracotherium

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26
Q

Evolution of Hyracotherium

A

Equus

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27
Q

What fused as horses are evolving

A

Toes

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28
Q

Advantages of reduced number of toes

A

Development of hoof
Fast runner

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29
Q

What are horses teeth modified for

A

Grazing
Larger and more enamel (because diet changed from soft leaves to grass)

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30
Q

What is the earliest known bird

A

Archaeopteryx

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31
Q

What is the oldest feathered animal in the fossil record

A

Archaeopteryx

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32
Q

Skeleton of Archaeopteryx

A
  • long bony tail
  • ribs are free (not fused as in birds)
  • hand bones are not fused (birds have claws)
  • teeth
    Features of a reptile
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33
Q

Bird features of Archaeopteryx

A

Wings
Feathers
A wish bone

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34
Q

What was the transition of Archaeopteryx

A

Transition from reptile to bird

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35
Q

Biological Design

A

Comparing Anatomy
Morphologically similar species suggest relationship

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36
Q

Ancestor of all dog like looking creatures

A

Canine

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37
Q

Only _________ features are used to infer evolutionary relationships

A

Homologous

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38
Q

Homologous Characters

A

Similar Ancestry

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39
Q

Analagous creatures

A

Similar Function

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40
Q

Homoplaisious Creatures

A

Similar Appearance

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41
Q

Example of analogous features

A

Dragonfly wings and Bat wings
Both used for flight

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42
Q

All characters are not ________ exclusive

A

Mutually

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43
Q

What kind if species are Thylacosmilus and Smildon

A

Analagous and Homoplasious

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44
Q

Homologous characters

A

Derived from a common ancestor

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45
Q

Vestigial Characters

A

Structures with no apparent function

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46
Q

Examples of vestigial structures in humans

A

Tail bone and appendix

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47
Q

Vestigial structures in snakes

A

No limbs

48
Q

Comparative Embryology

A

Commonality of early stages, specifically in blastula and zygote

49
Q

Example of common embryology

A

Pharyngeal slits in vertebrates
Gills in fish
Ears and throats in humans

50
Q

Molecular Homologies

A

Similarities in DNA sequences

51
Q

Biogeography

A

Geographical distribution of Species

52
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace is the father of ___________

A

Geogrpahy

53
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Suggests adaptation to the environment

54
Q

Why do penguins and polar bears do not co exist

A

Because of Biogeography

55
Q

Example of Convergent Evolution

A

Spiny Anteater and giant ant eater
Mole
Mouse
Squirrel

56
Q

Natural Selection

A

Appears to have favoured parallel evolutionary adaptations in similar environments

57
Q

Example of Natural Selection

A

Succulent plants

58
Q

North American cactus

A

Clear, watery sap

59
Q

Euphorbia Cactus

A

Milky, sticky snap

60
Q

Relationship between North American cactus and Euphorbia

A

Distantly related
But have independently converged on a very similar body form

61
Q

Microevolution

A

Changes in populations
(Continually happening)

62
Q

Macroevolution

A

Formation of new species
(Small changes)

63
Q

What is an adaptation

A

A bilogical adaptation is an anatomical structure, physiological process or behavioural trait of an organism that have evolved over a period of time by the process of natural selection

64
Q

Phenotype

A

An individuals observable characteristics or traits

65
Q

Phenotypic Variation

A

May be environmental or genetic in origin

66
Q

Polymorphism

A

Different forms within a speice
Mutations are a reason for this

67
Q

Why are Galapagos flamingos orange/pink in colour

A

They eat mccrocrustanceans (environmental)

68
Q

Non genetic variation

A

Variation induced by environment only

69
Q

Summer morph and Spring Morph

A

Are genetically identical at the loci for colouration. Colour changes due to seasonal differences in
Changes colour depending on season

70
Q

Genetic variation

A

Genes control the colour

71
Q

Example of inheritable variation

A

Postman Butterfly
Colouration of jaguar

72
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals belonging to the same species who occupy a particular geographic region and potentially interbreed with each other

73
Q

natural selection only acts on ___________

A

phenotypes

74
Q

Crptic colouration

A

many animals blend in with their surroundings (type of camouflage)

75
Q

Mimicry

A

Species resembling other species

76
Q

Inanimate

A

Showing no sign of life; lifeless

77
Q

Reproductive success influences ____________

A

Frequency

78
Q

natural selection acts on _____________

A

Phenotypes

79
Q

Natural selection is the differential reproduction of ______________

A

Genotypes

80
Q

Natural selection indirectly accts on the ___________ and _________ frequency

A

Genotype and Allele

81
Q

________ defend themselves by mimicking a snake

A

Hawk moth Caterpillars

82
Q

Robber fly

A

Mimic as their prey - goes to the bee nest and blends in with all the others and then catches prey

83
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

Mimics the prey for their advantage

84
Q

Red milk snake and Coral snake is an example of

A

Batesian Mimicry
Red milk snake - Non venomous
Coral snake - poisonous

85
Q

Viceroy butterfly and Monarch Butterfly

A

Not BATESIAN
Vicoroy is more unpalatable than the monarch
Mullerian mimicry

86
Q

Mullein mimicry

A

Ecologically sympatric pairs new distasteful, and have warning colourations

87
Q

Industrial Mechanism

A

A phenomenon that affected over 70 species of moths in England

88
Q

First Hypothesis of black moths

A

Blackness in moths caused directly by pollutants derived from smoke and industrial process, acting to alter the metabolism of the insects (RefuteD)

89
Q

Beak sizes in Galapagos finches

A

Dry conditions produce large seeds and may result in larger beaks in succeeding generations due to natural selection

90
Q

Beak length is genetically determined _____________

A

Inherited Characteristic

91
Q

Sexual Cannibalism

A

Not Natural Selection
Only occurs in a few of the 180+ species of mantids
Also occurs in some species of spider, scorpion, crickets and beetles

92
Q

Mantid Reproduction

A

Male dies after fucking
Provides a high energy source - egg development faster

93
Q

Benefits of sacrifice in mantid sexual cannibalism

A
  • As mates only once: Strong selection pressure to succeed
  • Prolonged copulation while being eaten
  • Prevents female from mating another male
94
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Diversity in appearance between sexes (In sexually reproducing species)

95
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Phenotypic differences between males and females

96
Q

Traits

A

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

97
Q

Two types of Sexual Selection

A

Intrasexual selection
Intersexual selection

98
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Between members of the same sex
Direct competition (e.g. physical combat)

99
Q

Example of intrasexual selection

A

Male fiddler crabs use large claw to defend burrow in which a female lives

100
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Between members of the opposite sex
Female choice

101
Q

Example of Intersexual Selection

A

Bulwers pheasant
Temminck’s Tragopan

102
Q

Indian peacock is an example of _____________

A

Intersexual Selection

103
Q

Indian Peacock Males

A

Long and Brightly coloured tail feathers
Fan out during mating behaviour

104
Q

Indian peacock females

A

Choose a mate based on certain traits (appearance, behaviour)

105
Q

African Long tailed widowbird is an example of

A

Intersexual selection

106
Q

Microevolution

A

Changes in allele frequencies between populations

107
Q

Macroevolution

A

Formation of new species

108
Q

Anageneis

A

Single species transformed into a new species over the course of many generations

109
Q

Cladogenesis

A

Division of a species into 2 species
Only one that promotes biological diversity by increasing the number of species

110
Q

Speciation

A

The process leading to the formation of new species
It is also the source of biological diversity

111
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A
  1. Splitting of a population into 2 geographically operated populations
    Separated by slow geological events
  2. No gene flow between the isolated populations . No interbreeding
112
Q

__________ isolation can promote allopatric speciation

A

Geographical

113
Q

Allopatric speciation is what kinda genesis

A

Cladogenesis

114
Q

Examples of Allopatric Speciation

A

Porkfish
Antelope Squirrels

115
Q
A

Biology 121 (10 decks)

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