Module 6 PA Flashcards
Ecological effects
Abiotic and biotic factors on biodiversity
Anthropogenic influences
- Habitat destruction
- invasive species
- climate change
Ecology
Study of interactions among organisms and their environment that determines their distribution a d balance
3 levels of biodiversity
- Ecosystem diversity
- Species diversity
- Genetic diversity
Ecosystem diversity
Describes the variety of habitats present
Species diversity
Measure of the number of species and the number of individuals of each species present
Genetic diversity
Total amount of genetic variability present
Why do we not the exact number of species
- species counts may be biased by our tendency to study (or ignore) certain groups of organisms more than others
- type of habitats or remote locations may make counting difficult
- Small size of organisms can complicate detection/identification of species
4, Ambiguities in scientific classification impact species count
Discovery of new extant species increases _____________
Species diversity in the past
Species are ________ equally distributed throughout the world
Not
Biodiversity Hotposts
Areas rich in endemic species
How many hot spots are there on earth
34
All hotspots are at _______
Coastlines
Ecology
Study of interactions among organisms and their environment that determines their distribution and abundance
Distribution and interactions among organisms is effected by
- Abiotic factors
- Biotic factors
Abiotic factors
Physical and chemical (non living) components of the environment
Biotic factors
Other Organisms
Terrestrial Environment of abiotic factors
Temperature
Precipitation
Sunlight
Wind
Latitude
Altitude
Soil
Aquatic environment of abiotic factors
Water temperature
Light penetration
Dissolvef nutrient concentration (especially N and P)
Water currents
Salinity
_____________ can be a limiting resource for ____________ and __________
Light can be a limiting resource for plants and algae
light is required for ___________
Photosynthesis
Which plant grows in a shady conditions
Eastern hemlock
Tsuga canadensis
Tsuga Canadensis
Its samplings grow in the understory below the forest canopy
THE EUPHOTIC ZONE
the zone of maximum light
Red algae occurs are great depth because they have pigments called
Phycoerthrin
phycoeryhtin uses
Blue green light
Temperature is an _________
Abiotic factor
Most important abiotic factor
Temperature
Endothermic
Organisms that generates its own internal heat
Examples of endothermic
Mammals and birds
Example of ectotherm
Snake
Sleepy Lizard
Lives in semi arid grasslands habitats of southern Australia
Only active In spring and summer
Coral reefs secrete
Calcium Carbonate
Corals are sensitive to both _______ and ________ temperatures
Low and High
Shell formation is accelerated at _________
High temperatures
Shell formation is suppressed at _________
Low temperatures
Cactuses can whit stand _____ night of frost
1
Estern Phoebe cannot live in ____
Too cold
Extremophiles
Organisms that is able to thrive in extreme environment
Most Archaens are __________
Extremophiles
High Salt content
Halophiles
low pH
Acidophile
High Temperature
Hyperthermophiles
Low temperatures
psyhcophiles
Psychophiles kill most _______ and _______
bacteria and eukaryotes
Sulphur spring
low pH
sULFOLOUS ACIDOCALDARUIS IS A
acidophile
Can survive highly acidic sulphur spring
Hot Springs in Yellowstone NP
HotThe
Thermus aquaticus
Thermophilic bacterium
Thermphilic bacterium is useful for
Biotechnology, as its enzyme Taq polymerase is harvested for use in PCR
Symbiosis
interactions between 2 types of speciesY
Types of Symbiosis
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism
More difficult to demonstrate than mutualism and parasitism
Cattle egrets
Commensalism
As lifestock grazes on the field, they cause movements that stir up various insects. helps cattle to eat them
Titan trigger fish
Commensalism
Creates feeding opportunities for smaller fish by moving large rocks too big for them to shift themselves
Example of mutualism
Clown fish and sea anemone
Clown fish and sea anemone
Stinging cells of sea anemone does not have an effect of clown fish
Clown fish benefits
Obtains protection
Food scrapes form sea anemone
Sea anemone benefits
Obtains protection
Clown fish drives away predators q
Relationship between clown fish and sea anemone is influenced by
Morphology of anemone
Stripes of clown fish
Anemone toxicity levels
Competition among clown fish
African crocodile and Egyptian plover
Mutualism
Crocodiles gain a cleaning
Plovers a meal
Flowering plant and pollinators
Mutualism
Defensive mutualism
Acacia (defence) and Acacia plants (reward)
Acacia ants _______ plant
Protect
Acacia provides _________ for acacia ants
Food source
2 things the plant gives the ant
Nectaries
Beltian bodies
Obligate mutualism
one cannot survive without another
Example of obligate mutualism
Acacia and Acacia plants
Facultative mutuals
Not fully dependent that each cannot survuve without each other
Example of facultative mutualism
Honey bees and plants
Termite and flagellate
Mutualism
Obligate mutualsim
Obligate Parasitism
A parasite species but it requites one or more host individuals to compete its life cycle
Example of Obligate Parasitism
Leucochloridium paradoxuM
pARASITIC FLATWORM
Facultative Parasitism
A parasite is a host but it does not absolutely rely on any host to complete its life cycle
Example of Faculative Parasitism
Naegleria Fowler (protist)
Naegleria Fowleri
Brain eating Amoeba
Kills the host
Example of Obligate Parasitism
Winter ticks on moose
Winter ticks on moose
Do not kill the host
Scientific name of Winter ticks
Dermacentor albipicetus
relationship between human and leech
Obligate parasitism
relationship between leech and bacteria
Obligate mutualism
Competition
Contest between two organisms for 1 or more sources
two types of competition
Intraspecific
Interspecific
Intraspecific competition
Individuals of same species
Interspecific competition
individuals between different species
Competition influences
Population development
Reproduction
Survival
Population densities in an area
Exploitation Competition
Organisms compete indirectly through the consumption of a limited resource
Example of exploitation competition
Exploitation competition
Reduced plant height as density _________
Increases
Reduced plot mass as density __________
Increases
Interference composition
Intraspecific competition
With fighting
in vultures adults are more ________ than juveniles
dominant
Ecological niche
The resources and environment that an organism requires over its life time
Fundamental neiche
Range of conditions and resourced it could tolerate and use
Realized niche
the range of conditions and resources it actually uses
No two species could coexist
there will always be competition
Competetive exlusion
The inevitable elimination of one species from a habitat by another specced with identical needs for resources
Chthalamus
Fundamental neiche is bigger
2 scenarios of limited resources
other species drives the other to local extinction
Natural selection reduces the competition between the species
Resource partitioning
Sharing so spices can coexist