Module 6 - Cellular Control Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a mutation?

A

a random unpredictable change in DNA

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2
Q

what can a mutation affect?

A

-small part of DNA molecule (gene mutation)
-large pieces of chromosomes/number of chromosomes present (chromosome mutation)

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3
Q

what is a gene mutation?

A

change in the base sequence of a DNA molecule

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4
Q

what are the three types of point mutation?

A

substitutions, insertions, deletions

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5
Q

what are the likely effects of a simple substitution?

A

-no effect due to the degenerate nature of the code
-introduction of a stop codon

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6
Q

what is deletion?

A

section of chromosome breaks off and gets lost within the cell

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7
Q

what is translocation?

A

a section of one chromosome breaks off and joins another non-homologous chromosome

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8
Q

what are the causes of mutation?

A
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9
Q

what increases the rate of mutation?

A

mutagens

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10
Q

what are the four stages where gene expression can be controlled or regulated?

A

Transcriptional control, Post-transcriptional control, Translation control, Post-translational control

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11
Q

what is chromatin?

A

a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells

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12
Q

what two enzymes does E.Coli code for?

A

-lactose permease (which cell to take up lactose)
-lactase (enables cell to hydrolyse lactose to glucose and galactose)

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13
Q

what is a chromosomal mutation?

A

mutation that affects the whole chromosome or a number of chromosomes in a cell

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14
Q

what is a frameshift?

A

caused by insertions and deletions, all triplets downstream will be different giving the protein a different sequence of amino acids and different tertiary structure

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

what is the exon?

A

the expressed region within the gene

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17
Q

what is the intron?

A

the intragenic region (region within the gene)

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18
Q

how are the introns removed from a gene?

A

they are spliced

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19
Q

what is pre-transcriptional control?

A

-it produces pre-mRNA which is processed to form mature mRNA
-cap and tail are added to mature mRNA by spliceosomes removing introns

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20
Q

what happens in RNA editing?

A

-it can undergo deletion, addition or substitution which allows a single length of DNA to produce a range of different strands of mRNA

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21
Q

how does degradation of mRNA affect the rate of protein synthesis?

A

the more resistant the molecule the longer it will last in the cytoplasm therefore increasing the rate of protein synthesis

22
Q

how does the binding of inhibitory proteins to mRNA affect the rate of protein synthesis?

A

it prevents mRNA from binding to ribosomes and the synthesis of proteins

23
Q

what does the activation of initiation factors do in regards to the rate of protein synthesis?

A

aid binding of mRNA to ribosomes

24
Q

what structural detail of a polypeptide is altered by gene mutations?

A

the amino acid sequence

25
Q

what is substitution?

A

one or more bases are swapped for others

26
Q

what are the three types of substitution mutation?

A

silent, nonsense, mis-sense

27
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31
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32
Q

what is morphogenesis?

A

the regulation of the pattern of anatomical development

33
Q

what is morphogenesis controlled by?

A

homeobox genes

34
Q

what are homeobox genes?

A

-has a sequence of 180 base pairs
-codes for homeodomains (protein segments which act as transcription factors)
-they are ancient and highly conserved
-they switch genes on and off

35
Q

what genes control the development of the body plan?

A

homeobox genes

36
Q

what does the fact that homeobox have high levels of conservation suggest?

A

that their activity is fundamental to the development of a working body so any mutation would be fatal

37
Q

what are hox genes?

A

one specific group of homeobox genes (only in animals)

38
Q

what are the 3 types of symmetry?

A

radial, bilateral, asymmetry

39
Q

what is radial symmetry?

A

organisms with a top and a bottom but no left or right side

40
Q

what is bilateral symmetry?

A

organisms have a left right and a head and tail end

41
Q

what is asymmetry?

A

organisms have no lines of symmetry

42
Q

what type of genes are homeobox genes?

A

regalotory

43
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

44
Q

what is apoptosis triggered by?

A

transcription factors made by hox genes

45
Q

what is an operon?

A

A cluster of genes under the control of a promoter

46
Q

what is a gene?

A

section of DNA coding for a polypeptide

47
Q

what structural detail of a polypeptide is altered by gene mutations

A

sequence of amino acids