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A level Biology- KE > Module 2- Cell Structure > Flashcards

Module 2- Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a lysosome?

A

-specialised vesicle
-contains hydrolytic enzymes to break down waste material

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2
Q

why is the membrane around the lysosome important?

A

-compartmentalises enzymes away from cell structures that could damage them

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3
Q

what is the cytoplasm composed of?

A

cytosol- made up of water, salts and organic molecules

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4
Q

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

-lipid synthesis
-carbohydrate synthesis
-storage

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5
Q

what are the similarities between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

-ribosomes (different sizes)
-cell surface membranes
-cytoskeleton (different structure however)

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6
Q

what does a prokaryotic cell have that a eukaryotic cell doesn’t?

A

-smaller ribosomes
-cell walls of peptidoglycan
-unicellular cell type
-reproduced by binary fission
-circular DNA
-plasmid extra-cellular DNA
-flagella made of flagellin

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7
Q

what does a eukaryotic cell have that a prokaryotic cell doesn’t?

A

-membrane bound organelles
-cell walls of chitin/cellulose
-multicellular cell type
-linear DNA
-membrane bound DNA (nucleus)
-mitochondria
-flagella made from microtubules (9+2 formation)

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8
Q

what is the cell wall of a prokaryotic cell made of?

A

peptidoglycan

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9
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus?

A

produces ribosomes

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10
Q

where is the nucleolus found?

A

within the nucleus

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11
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

site of aerobic respiration

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12
Q

what is the function of cytoskeleton

A

cell movement, organelles movement, holds organelles in place—- necessary for shape + stability of cell

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13
Q

what is the function of lysosomes?

A

-break down waste material in cells e.g. old organelles
-break down pathogens

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14
Q

what is the function of the centrioles?

A

-involved in formation of spindle fibers in cell division (centrosome)
-responsible for positioning of flagella/cilia

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15
Q

what are centrioles?

A

-component of cytoskeleton
-composed of microtubules

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16
Q

what is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

-synthesis of proteins
-transport of proteins

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17
Q

what are the endoplasmic reticulums?

A

network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae

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18
Q

what is the function of the chloroplast?

A

-responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells

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19
Q

what part of the plant are chloroplasts found?

A

leaves and stems (green parts)

20
Q

what is the fluid in the chloroplast called and what does it contain?

A

stroma- contains chlorophyll for light dependent reactions during photosynthesis

21
Q

what structure are in the chloroplast?

A

thylakoids: network of membranes which form flattened sacs

grana: several thylakoids stacked together joined by membranes called lamellae

starch grains: produced through photosynthesis

22
Q

what is the function of the cellulose cell wall?

A

-gives a plant its shape
-acts as defence mechanism by protecting the cell contents from pathogens
-allows turgidity as it is permeable

23
Q

what are fungi cell walls made of?

A

chitin

24
Q

what are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

A

microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate fibres

25
Q

what do the intermediate fibres of the cytoskeleton do?

A

give mechanical strength to cells and maintain their integrity

26
Q

what do the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton do?

A

responsible for ENTIRE cell movement (not organelles) + cell contraction during cytokinesis

27
Q

how does the cytoskeleton move organelles around the cell?

A

using microtubules

28
Q

what do the microtubules of the cytoskeleton do?

A

determine shape of the cell + aid organelles in moving around the cell
-spindle fibres involved in segregating chromosomes are composed of microtubules

29
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

modifies proteins and packages them into vesicles
-could be secretory vesicles if designed to leave cell
-or could be lysosomes if they stay in cell

30
Q

what are the enclosing flattened sacs on endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus called?

A

cisternae

31
Q

what is the function of the ribosome?

A

site of protein synthesis

32
Q

what organelles contain ribosomes?

A

chloroplast, mitochondria, (prokaryotic cells also)

33
Q

where in the cell are ribosomes found and what structure do they have?

A

-found on RER or free floating in cytoplasm
-not membrane bound + made of RNA molecules

34
Q

what is the structure of the mitochondria?

A

-double membrane
-inner membrane folds into cristae
-fluid inside called matrix- contains enzymes needed for aerobic respiration
-mitochondrial DNA (circular)

35
Q

can mitochondria reproduce themselves?

A

yes, they also produce their own enzymes

36
Q

what happens during aerobic respiration?

A

energy stored in bonds of complex organic molecules is made available to use by the production of the molecule ATP

37
Q

what is the function of flagella?

A

enables cell mobility and in some cells detects chemical changes in a cells environment

38
Q

what is the structure of flagella and cilia?

A

9+2 arrangement (two central microtubules surrounded by nine pairs of microtubules

39
Q

what are the two cilia types?

A

mobile and stationary

40
Q

what do mobile cilia do and where are the found?

A

beat in rhythmic pattern causing fluids/objects to move e.g. in trachea to move mucus away from lungs and in fallopian tubes to move egg cells from ovary to uterus

41
Q

what do stationary cilia do?

A

present at surface of many cells + play sensory role in organs like nose

42
Q

how do cilia move in beating motion?

A

parallel pairs of microtubules slide over each other

43
Q

what is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

to protect DNA from damage in the cytoplasm

44
Q

what is the structure of the nuclear envelope?

A

-double membrane
-has nuclear pores

45
Q

what are the nuclear pores function?

A

allows molecules (RNA) to leave and enter nucleus to the RER (for protein synthesis)

46
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

contains DNA

47
Q

what are the organelles involved in protein production?

A

-proteins are synthesised on RIBOSOMES bound to RER
-proteins are passed into RER cisternae to be packaged into transport VESICLES
-VESICLES move to GOLGI APPARATUS via CYTOSKELETON
-VESICLE fuses to cis face of GOLGI APPARATUS and proteins enter
-proteins are structurally modified in golgi and pinch off as vesicles
-vesicle is transported to and fuses to CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE and contents are released via exocytosis// some vesicles become LYSOSOMES which remain in cell

A level Biology- KE (22 decks)

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