Module 5: Physiology of the Lymphatic System

Question 1

Immune system definition

Answer 1

Involves identifying foreign, invading particles and eliminating them from the body.

Question 2

Nonspecific Immune System (Innate Immunity) (6)

Answer 2

1) First line of defense
2) Physical and chemical barriers
3) Prevention of pathogens from entering the body
4) Responds the same to all threats
5) Generalized, rapid
6) Destroys large numbers of pathogens

Question 3

Specific Immune System (Adaptive Immunity) (3)

Answer 3

1) Takes several days to activate
2) Targeted and specific
3) Lymphocytes: T cells and B cells

Question 4

The Skin (Integumentary - Nonspecific) (3)

Answer 4

1) Difficult to penetrate and constantly shedding

2) Tear production and sweat limit bacterial growth

3) Allow for normal flora growth
a) “Good bacteria”
b) Produce lactic acid, inhibiting pathogenic bacterial growth

Question 5

Inflammatory Response (Nonspecific) (4)

Answer 5

1) Localized response in the tissue to the injury

2) Increases blood flow to infected organ

3) Swelling
a) Dilates blood vessels
b) Increases number of immune cells in the area

4) Redness, pain
a) Brings conscious awareness to infection

Question 6

Cytokines (Nonspecific) (3)

Answer 6

1) Secreted proteins (not cells)

2) Help to signal and start pathways for both the specific and nonspecific immune systems

3) Two groups:
a) Interferons
b) Interleukins

Question 7

Cytokines - Interferons (2)

Answer 7

1) Inhibit viral replication

2) Help activate natural killer cells

Question 8

Cytokines - Interleukins (3)

Answer 8

1) Chemical activators

2) Send signals throughout the body to help increase the immune response

3) Pyrogens
a) Adjust the body’s thermostat in the hypothalamus
b) Raises to create fever

Question 9

Fevers (5)

Answer 9

1) Mild fevers with short duration

2) Help the body fight infections

3) Interfere with growth and replication of pathogens (need specific temperature range to function properly)

4) Lysosomal breakdown
a) Release digestive enzymes to lyse infected cells

5) Promote the activity of white blood cells

Question 10

Agranulocytes (2)

Answer 10

1) Do not contain granules in the cytoplasm

2) Lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 11

Granulocytes (3)

Answer 11

1) Contain granules in the cytoplasm

2) Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

3) Are capable of phagocytosis

Question 12

Phagocytosis (4)

Answer 12

1) Ingestion of a foreign bacteria

2) Leukocytes bind with bacteria through receptors

3) Create vacuole and inject it with lysosomes to ingest the bacteria

4) Once destroyed, contents released from the cell

Question 13

Neutrophils (4)

Answer 13

1) Most abdundant leukocyte

2) Fight infections, especially bacterial

3) Use of phagocytosis to destroy pathogen

4) Short life span, die quickly after pathogen is ingested

Question 14

Neutrophil anatomy (2)

Answer 14

1) Multi-lobed nucleus

2) When stained have light pink granules in cytoplasm

Question 15

Eosinophils (4)

Answer 15

1) Respond to allergic reactions and parasitic infections

2) Similar in appearance to neutrophils, with granules that stain a darker pink/red

3) Less commonly seen in the blood

4) Phagocytotic

Question 16

Basophil (4)

Answer 16

1) Rarest of the granulocytes

2) Release histamine
a) Vasodilator, increases diameter of blood vessels and capillaries

3) Release heparin
a) Blood anticoagulat - helps prevent the formation of clots

4) Phagocytotic

Question 17

Basophil anatomy (2)

Answer 17

1) Morphology like neutrophils

2) Stain with dark blue/purple granules

Question 18

Agranulocytes (2)

Answer 18

1) Monocytes

2) Lymphocytes
a) T-cells, B-cells

Question 19

Monocytes (4)

Answer 19

1) Large white blood cells

2) U-shaped nucleus

3) Migrate from bloodstream into tissue to become macrophages

4) Monocytes/macrophages
a) Greatest of all the phagocytotic ability
b) Live longer

Question 20

Picture of major types of white blood cells

Answer 20

Question 21

Lymphocytes definition

Answer 21

1) Primary actors in the SPECIFIC immune response

Question 22

Types of lymphocytes (3)

Answer 22

1) T-cells
2) B-cells
3) Natural killer cells (NK)

Question 23

Lymphocyte functions (3)

Answer 23

1) Making antibodies

2) Attacking foreign cells

3) Destroying body cells that have lost normal function

Question 24

Origination of T Cells and B Cells (2)

Answer 24

1) T cells
a) Originate in bone marrow
b) Mature in the thymus gland

2) B cells
a) Bone marrow derived
b) Produced in bone marrow daily

Question 25

How b-cells work (5)

Answer 25

1) Glycoprotein receptor as part of cell coat

2) Each receptor binds with a specific type of antigen

3) Antigen
a) Any toxic or foreign molecule that can be specifically recognized by the immune system

4) Become activated when antigen binds with its receptor

5) Many different kinds of b cells with specific receptors to interact with different antigens

Question 26

Plasma cell (B-cells) (6)

Answer 26

1) Activated B-cell

2) Each plasma cell produces antibodies

3) Antibodies
a) Immunoglobulins
b) Soluble form of the glycoprotein receptor from the B Cell surface
c) IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM, IgA

4) Antibodies released by plasma cell
a) Binds to invading antigen

5) Causes it to be inactive and marks for destruction

6) Phagocytes identify marked antigen and engulf through phagocytosis

Question 27

Memory B-cells (4)

Answer 27

1) Some activated B-cells become memory B-cells

2) Continue to produce a small amount of the antibody even after infection is over

3) I same pathogen enters the body again, the antibody immediately binds with it

4) Can produce antibody faster in second infection

Question 28

Anti-body mediated immunity (Humoral) (2)

Answer 28

1) B-cells use this method of immune response

2) Defends the body against pathogens through secretion of antibodies

Question 29

T-cell characteristics (3)

Answer 29

1) Cell-mediated immunity

2) Contain antigen receptors

3) Bind to glycoproteins in cell membranes

Question 30

Killer T-cells (Cytotoxic) (3)

Answer 30

1) Recognize and destroy invading cells containing antigens

2) Attack virus-infected cells or cancer cells

3) Release enzymes locally to lyse the infected cell

Question 31

Helper T-cells (2)

Answer 31

1) Secrete substances that activate and enhance immune responses

2) B-cells require an interaction with helper T-cells before they can begin rapid division

Question 32

Natural killer cells (NK) (3)

Answer 32

1) Originate in bone marrow

2) Seek out abnormal body cells to destroy

3) Effective against tumor cells

Question 33

Antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity picture

Answer 33