Module 5: Physiology of the Lymphatic System Flashcards
Immune system definition
Involves identifying foreign, invading particles and eliminating them from the body.
Nonspecific Immune System (Innate Immunity) (6)
1) First line of defense
2) Physical and chemical barriers
3) Prevention of pathogens from entering the body
4) Responds the same to all threats
5) Generalized, rapid
6) Destroys large numbers of pathogens
Specific Immune System (Adaptive Immunity) (3)
1) Takes several days to activate
2) Targeted and specific
3) Lymphocytes: T cells and B cells
The Skin (Integumentary - Nonspecific) (3)
1) Difficult to penetrate and constantly shedding
2) Tear production and sweat limit bacterial growth
3) Allow for normal flora growth
a) “Good bacteria”
b) Produce lactic acid, inhibiting pathogenic bacterial growth
Inflammatory Response (Nonspecific) (4)
1) Localized response in the tissue to the injury
2) Increases blood flow to infected organ
3) Swelling
a) Dilates blood vessels
b) Increases number of immune cells in the area
4) Redness, pain
a) Brings conscious awareness to infection
Cytokines (Nonspecific) (3)
1) Secreted proteins (not cells)
2) Help to signal and start pathways for both the specific and nonspecific immune systems
3) Two groups:
a) Interferons
b) Interleukins
Cytokines - Interferons (2)
1) Inhibit viral replication
2) Help activate natural killer cells
Cytokines - Interleukins (3)
1) Chemical activators
2) Send signals throughout the body to help increase the immune response
3) Pyrogens
a) Adjust the body’s thermostat in the hypothalamus
b) Raises to create fever
Fevers (5)
1) Mild fevers with short duration
2) Help the body fight infections
3) Interfere with growth and replication of pathogens (need specific temperature range to function properly)
4) Lysosomal breakdown
a) Release digestive enzymes to lyse infected cells
5) Promote the activity of white blood cells
Agranulocytes (2)
1) Do not contain granules in the cytoplasm
2) Lymphocytes and monocytes
Granulocytes (3)
1) Contain granules in the cytoplasm
2) Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
3) Are capable of phagocytosis
Phagocytosis (4)
1) Ingestion of a foreign bacteria
2) Leukocytes bind with bacteria through receptors
3) Create vacuole and inject it with lysosomes to ingest the bacteria
4) Once destroyed, contents released from the cell
Neutrophils (4)
1) Most abdundant leukocyte
2) Fight infections, especially bacterial
3) Use of phagocytosis to destroy pathogen
4) Short life span, die quickly after pathogen is ingested
Neutrophil anatomy (2)
1) Multi-lobed nucleus
2) When stained have light pink granules in cytoplasm
Eosinophils (4)
1) Respond to allergic reactions and parasitic infections
2) Similar in appearance to neutrophils, with granules that stain a darker pink/red
3) Less commonly seen in the blood
4) Phagocytotic
Basophil (4)
1) Rarest of the granulocytes
2) Release histamine
a) Vasodilator, increases diameter of blood vessels and capillaries
3) Release heparin
a) Blood anticoagulat - helps prevent the formation of clots
4) Phagocytotic
Basophil anatomy (2)
1) Morphology like neutrophils
2) Stain with dark blue/purple granules
Agranulocytes (2)
1) Monocytes
2) Lymphocytes
a) T-cells, B-cells
Monocytes (4)
1) Large white blood cells
2) U-shaped nucleus
3) Migrate from bloodstream into tissue to become macrophages
4) Monocytes/macrophages
a) Greatest of all the phagocytotic ability
b) Live longer
Picture of major types of white blood cells
Lymphocytes definition
1) Primary actors in the SPECIFIC immune response
Types of lymphocytes (3)
1) T-cells
2) B-cells
3) Natural killer cells (NK)
Lymphocyte functions (3)
1) Making antibodies
2) Attacking foreign cells
3) Destroying body cells that have lost normal function
Origination of T Cells and B Cells (2)
1) T cells
a) Originate in bone marrow
b) Mature in the thymus gland
2) B cells
a) Bone marrow derived
b) Produced in bone marrow daily
How b-cells work (5)
1) Glycoprotein receptor as part of cell coat
2) Each receptor binds with a specific type of antigen
3) Antigen
a) Any toxic or foreign molecule that can be specifically recognized by the immune system
4) Become activated when antigen binds with its receptor
5) Many different kinds of b cells with specific receptors to interact with different antigens
Plasma cell (B-cells) (6)
1) Activated B-cell
2) Each plasma cell produces antibodies
3) Antibodies
a) Immunoglobulins
b) Soluble form of the glycoprotein receptor from the B Cell surface
c) IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM, IgA
4) Antibodies released by plasma cell
a) Binds to invading antigen
5) Causes it to be inactive and marks for destruction
6) Phagocytes identify marked antigen and engulf through phagocytosis
Memory B-cells (4)
1) Some activated B-cells become memory B-cells
2) Continue to produce a small amount of the antibody even after infection is over
3) I same pathogen enters the body again, the antibody immediately binds with it
4) Can produce antibody faster in second infection
Anti-body mediated immunity (Humoral) (2)
1) B-cells use this method of immune response
2) Defends the body against pathogens through secretion of antibodies
T-cell characteristics (3)
1) Cell-mediated immunity
2) Contain antigen receptors
3) Bind to glycoproteins in cell membranes
Killer T-cells (Cytotoxic) (3)
1) Recognize and destroy invading cells containing antigens
2) Attack virus-infected cells or cancer cells
3) Release enzymes locally to lyse the infected cell
Helper T-cells (2)
1) Secrete substances that activate and enhance immune responses
2) B-cells require an interaction with helper T-cells before they can begin rapid division
Natural killer cells (NK) (3)
1) Originate in bone marrow
2) Seek out abnormal body cells to destroy
3) Effective against tumor cells
Antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity picture
