module 5 - cell extraction Flashcards
in what stages is food molecules broken down in
- in mouth, gut and lysosomes
- cytosol
- mitochondria
what is the most common chemical fuel in cells
glucose
where is energy stored in molecules
chemical bonds
what does chemical energy that is released used to make?
ATP
what generates heat?
burning of sugar in nonliving systems
3 catabolic processes
- glycolysis
- cellular respiration
- fermentation
glycolysis
converts glucose to 2 pyruvate and small energy
cellular respiration
uses o2 (aerobic) and converts 1 pyruvate into 3 CO2
-pyruvate oxidation
-citric acid cycle
-ETC
fermentation
pyruvate into lactic acid or ethanol (less energy than cellular)
when one chemical is oxidized….
its electrons are transferred to another chemical
oxidizing agent
reactant becomes reduced
reducing agent
reactant that becomes oxidized
when does redox reactions occur
during formation of salt NaCl
- Na gives up an electron (becomes oxidized = reducing agent)
- Cl gains an electron (becomes reduced and is oxidizing agent)
do all redox involve a complete transfer of electrons
no
the more reduced a molecule is….
the more energy is stored in covalent bonds
what is oxidized form of NADH (reduced form og)
NAD+
reduction reaction of NAD+ molecule
transfer of one proton and 2 electrons
does NADH or ATP carry more free energy
NADH
how to cells harvest energy.
using diff combo of metabolic pathways
metabolic pathways under aerobic?
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle and ETC
metabolic pathways under anaerobic?
glycolysis and fermentation
where does glycolysis take place in
cytoplasm
what is the net result of glycolysis
2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH
glycolysis can be divided in 3 parts… what are they?
energy consuming (ATP), cleavage phase and energy-releasing
where does cellular respiration take place?
mitochondria
what does pyruvate oxidation links
glycolysis and citric acid cycle
where does pyruvate oxidation occur
mitochondrial matrix
what does pyruvate oxidation create?
1 NADH
what is acetyl CoA
starting point for citric acid (8 reactions)
what does oxidative phosphorylation complete?
catabolism of food molecule
what happens in ETC?
electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass thru respiratory chain (NADH donates its high-energy electrons to ETC)
what does the respiratory chain transfers and releases?
transfers electrons and protons and releases energy
when does redox potential increase?
along mitochondrial ETC
ATP synthase is a reversible
coupling device
inner mitochondrial membrane converts ???
one form of energy to another
what does fermentation pathways allow
glucose to be partially oxidized in absence of O2
can fermentation produce ATP in absence of oxygen
yes
animal cells store
glucose in form of glycogen
feedback regulation allows cells too switch??
from glucose breakdown to glucose synthesis
