module 5 - cell extraction

Question 1

in what stages is food molecules broken down in

Answer 1

1. in mouth, gut and lysosomes
2. cytosol
3. mitochondria

Question 2

what is the most common chemical fuel in cells

Answer 2

glucose

Question 3

where is energy stored in molecules

Answer 3

chemical bonds

Question 4

what does chemical energy that is released used to make?

Answer 4

ATP

Question 5

what generates heat?

Answer 5

burning of sugar in nonliving systems

Question 6

3 catabolic processes

Answer 6

1. glycolysis
2. cellular respiration
3. fermentation

Question 7

glycolysis

Answer 7

converts glucose to 2 pyruvate and small energy

Question 8

cellular respiration

Answer 8

uses o2 (aerobic) and converts 1 pyruvate into 3 CO2

-pyruvate oxidation
-citric acid cycle
-ETC

Question 9

fermentation

Answer 9

pyruvate into lactic acid or ethanol (less energy than cellular)

Question 10

when one chemical is oxidized….

Answer 10

its electrons are transferred to another chemical

Question 11

oxidizing agent

Answer 11

reactant becomes reduced

Question 12

reducing agent

Answer 12

reactant that becomes oxidized

Question 13

when does redox reactions occur

Answer 13

during formation of salt NaCl

• Na gives up an electron (becomes oxidized = reducing agent)
• Cl gains an electron (becomes reduced and is oxidizing agent)

Question 14

do all redox involve a complete transfer of electrons

Answer 14

no

Question 15

the more reduced a molecule is….

Answer 15

the more energy is stored in covalent bonds

Question 16

what is oxidized form of NADH (reduced form og)

Answer 16

NAD+

Question 17

reduction reaction of NAD+ molecule

Answer 17

transfer of one proton and 2 electrons

Question 18

does NADH or ATP carry more free energy

Answer 18

NADH

Question 19

how to cells harvest energy.

Answer 19

using diff combo of metabolic pathways

Question 20

metabolic pathways under aerobic?

Answer 20

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle and ETC

Question 21

metabolic pathways under anaerobic?

Answer 21

glycolysis and fermentation

Question 22

where does glycolysis take place in

Answer 22

cytoplasm

Question 23

what is the net result of glycolysis

Answer 23

2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

Question 24

glycolysis can be divided in 3 parts… what are they?

Answer 24

energy consuming (ATP), cleavage phase and energy-releasing

Question 25

where does cellular respiration take place?

Answer 25

mitochondria

Question 26

what does pyruvate oxidation links

Answer 26

glycolysis and citric acid cycle

Question 27

where does pyruvate oxidation occur

Answer 27

mitochondrial matrix

Question 28

what does pyruvate oxidation create?

Answer 28

1 NADH

Question 29

what is acetyl CoA

Answer 29

starting point for citric acid (8 reactions)

Question 30

what does oxidative phosphorylation complete?

Answer 30

catabolism of food molecule

Question 31

what happens in ETC?

Answer 31

electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass thru respiratory chain (NADH donates its high-energy electrons to ETC)

Question 32

what does the respiratory chain transfers and releases?

Answer 32

transfers electrons and protons and releases energy

Question 33

when does redox potential increase?

Answer 33

along mitochondrial ETC

Question 34

ATP synthase is a reversible

Answer 34

coupling device

Question 35

inner mitochondrial membrane converts ???

Answer 35

one form of energy to another

Question 36

what does fermentation pathways allow

Answer 36

glucose to be partially oxidized in absence of O2

Question 37

can fermentation produce ATP in absence of oxygen

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

animal cells store

Answer 38

glucose in form of glycogen

Question 39

feedback regulation allows cells too switch??

Answer 39

from glucose breakdown to glucose synthesis