cell genetic material duplication Flashcards
nucleotides are the _______ of nucleic acids
building blocks
what does DNA stand for
deoxyribonucleic acid
what does RNA stand for
ribonucleic acid
what are nucleic acids made of
4 nucleotides
what are nucleotides composed of
base, sugar and a phosphate group
how do nucleotides make nucleic acid
by linking to eachother
growth of a nucleic acid from its monomers occurs where?
5’ (phosphate) to 3’ (hydroxyl) direction
what do hydrogen bonds between bases hold together?
2 DNA strands
how are hydrogen bonds formed
purine and pyrimidines bases (complementary base pairing)
van der Waals forces occur??
between adjacent bases on same strand
the 2 strands of DNA are
antiparallel
what makes the backbone of DNA
phosphate and sugar molecules
what does each sugar-phosphate backbone have?
5’ phosphate and a 3’ hydroxyl (OH) group (opposite directions)
what shape is DNA
double right-handed helix
what does the coiling of DNA strands create
two grooves (exposed to major and minor grooves)
3 models for DNA replication
semiconservative replication
conservative replication
dispersive replication
what is each daughter DNA double helix composed of?
one conserved strand and one newly synthesized strand
when does DNA replication proceeds by
complementary base-pairing
what acts as a template for its own duplication?
DNA
DNA synthesis (growth) occurs in which direction
5’ to 3’
what are the 4 nucleotides
dATP, dTTP, dCTP, dGTP
when does DNA replication start at
ori
when does DNA synthesis begin
begins at replication origins (creates 2 Y-shaped junctions=replication forks)
synthesis of short of sequences of RNA
short sequences name?
RNA primers
RNA primers are synthesized by
primase (RNA polymerase)
what elongates the RNA primer
DNA polymerase elongates
what does DNA helices use?
uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to unwind and separate strands
what does sliding DNA clamp increase?
efficiency of DNA polymerization
the two newly synthesized DNA strands are of opposite polarities on what
replication forks
what occurs at both DNA strands?
one strand = synthesized continuously (leading strand)
other strand = synthesized discontinuously (lagging strand)
DNA ligase joins ________ fragments together
okazaki
what does telomerase do?
replicate ends of eukaryotic chromosomes
duplicated chromosomes ________ at ________ and _________
segregate, mitosis and meiosis
metaphase
parent cell (2n) –> meiosis 1
prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1
meiosis 2
mitosis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
2 daughter cells