module 2 - cell structure and varieties Flashcards
what is the range of measurements in diameter of a cell, prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
cell: 1-100 um
pro: 0.2-2 um
euk: 10-100 um
what does the cell surface area determine?
amount of substances entering and exiting the cell
to function, cells must maintain what ratio?
large surface area to volume
who came up with the microscope?
Robert hooke
Mathias shleiden and Theodor Schwann worked on?
animal and plant tissues
what are light microscopes?
allows to see cell sizes and shapes and some internal structures
different types of light microscopes?
compound, stereo, digital, fluoroscent, inverted, automated
what are the 7 different types of microscopy?
- bright-field
- phase-contrast microscopy
- differential interference-contrast microscopy
- stained bright-field microscopy
- fluorescence microscopy
- confocal microscopy
- electron microscopy
what is bright-field microscopy?
a light passes through cells
what is phase-contrast microscopy?
contrast is increased and enhances light and dark regions in one cell
what is DIC microscopy?
cell is casting a shadow by 2 beams of light
what is stained BF microscopy?
stain enhances contrast and reveals details
what is fluorescense microscopy
fluorescent dye binds to specific cell material and is stimulated by beam of light
what is confocal microscopy?
focuses stimulated and emitted light so single plane through cell is seen
what is electron microscopy
directs electrons through a vacuum at fluorescent screen or digital camera to create a visible image (dead cells only)
what are the types of electron microscopy?
transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
TEM?
beam of electrons is focused on object by magnets
SEM?
electrons are directed to surface of sample and other electrons are emittede
everything in cell (except nucleus) has what?
cytoplasm
every cell is bounded by a???
cell membrane
prokaryotes have no?
nucleus to any other membrane enclosed internal components
eukaryotes have??
organellesw
which domains are prokaryotes?
archaea and eubacteria
gram + bacteria is?
thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer lipid membrane
gram - bacteria?
thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer lipid membrane
what does wall structure affect in a prokaryote cell?
affect cell’s ability to retain crystal violet stain used in the gram staining procedure
what do prokaryotic cells have?
CNCRCFPF
cell membrane, nuceloid, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, flagella, pili, fijmbraie
what is cytoskeleton for?
filamentous proteinsw
what is flagella for ??
mobility, adhesion and invasion (hair)
what is pili for?
genetic exchange
what is fimbriae for
contact and adhesion
what does animal cell have
colourful cells reveal many natural structures, growing continously CCRMNSGC
what doe plant cells ahve
everything of animal + cute cats play nice piano
what does endomembrane system include?
cell membrane, nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and lysosomesr
rough end ??
protein synthesis
smooth?
lipid and ion storage
Golgi apparatus
adds carbs to proteins
type of plastids
chloroplasts and leucoplasts
vacuols
storage component
ribosomes
protein syntehses
how did eukaryotic cells evolve?
nuclear membranes and ER evolved thru invagination of plasma membrane
mitochondria are ancient prokaryote
chloroplasts from endosymbiosis (ability to photosynthesize)
what are the evolutionary advantages of compartmentalization?
chemicals can be concentrated for chemical reactions, biochemical process for more conditions, DNA transcription for more opportunities
