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bio > module 2 - cell structure and varieties > Flashcards

module 2 - cell structure and varieties Flashcards

1
Q

what is the range of measurements in diameter of a cell, prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

cell: 1-100 um
pro: 0.2-2 um
euk: 10-100 um

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2
Q

what does the cell surface area determine?

A

amount of substances entering and exiting the cell

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3
Q

to function, cells must maintain what ratio?

A

large surface area to volume

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4
Q

who came up with the microscope?

A

Robert hooke

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5
Q

Mathias shleiden and Theodor Schwann worked on?

A

animal and plant tissues

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6
Q

what are light microscopes?

A

allows to see cell sizes and shapes and some internal structures

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7
Q

different types of light microscopes?

A

compound, stereo, digital, fluoroscent, inverted, automated

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8
Q

what are the 7 different types of microscopy?

A
  1. bright-field
  2. phase-contrast microscopy
  3. differential interference-contrast microscopy
  4. stained bright-field microscopy
  5. fluorescence microscopy
  6. confocal microscopy
  7. electron microscopy
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9
Q

what is bright-field microscopy?

A

a light passes through cells

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10
Q

what is phase-contrast microscopy?

A

contrast is increased and enhances light and dark regions in one cell

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11
Q

what is DIC microscopy?

A

cell is casting a shadow by 2 beams of light

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12
Q

what is stained BF microscopy?

A

stain enhances contrast and reveals details

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13
Q

what is fluorescense microscopy

A

fluorescent dye binds to specific cell material and is stimulated by beam of light

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14
Q

what is confocal microscopy?

A

focuses stimulated and emitted light so single plane through cell is seen

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15
Q

what is electron microscopy

A

directs electrons through a vacuum at fluorescent screen or digital camera to create a visible image (dead cells only)

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16
Q

what are the types of electron microscopy?

A

transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

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17
Q

TEM?

A

beam of electrons is focused on object by magnets

18
Q

SEM?

A

electrons are directed to surface of sample and other electrons are emittede

19
Q

everything in cell (except nucleus) has what?

A

cytoplasm

20
Q

every cell is bounded by a???

A

cell membrane

21
Q

prokaryotes have no?

A

nucleus to any other membrane enclosed internal components

22
Q

eukaryotes have??

A

organellesw

23
Q

which domains are prokaryotes?

A

archaea and eubacteria

24
Q

gram + bacteria is?

A

thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer lipid membrane

25
Q

gram - bacteria?

A

thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer lipid membrane

26
Q

what does wall structure affect in a prokaryote cell?

A

affect cell’s ability to retain crystal violet stain used in the gram staining procedure

27
Q

what do prokaryotic cells have?

A

CNCRCFPF

cell membrane, nuceloid, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, flagella, pili, fijmbraie

28
Q

what is cytoskeleton for?

A

filamentous proteinsw

29
Q

what is flagella for ??

A

mobility, adhesion and invasion (hair)

30
Q

what is pili for?

A

genetic exchange

31
Q

what is fimbriae for

A

contact and adhesion

32
Q

what does animal cell have

A

colourful cells reveal many natural structures, growing continously CCRMNSGC

33
Q

what doe plant cells ahve

A

everything of animal + cute cats play nice piano

34
Q

what does endomembrane system include?

A

cell membrane, nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and lysosomesr

35
Q

rough end ??

A

protein synthesis

36
Q

smooth?

A

lipid and ion storage

37
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

adds carbs to proteins

38
Q

type of plastids

A

chloroplasts and leucoplasts

39
Q

vacuols

A

storage component

40
Q

ribosomes

A

protein syntehses

41
Q

how did eukaryotic cells evolve?

A

nuclear membranes and ER evolved thru invagination of plasma membrane

mitochondria are ancient prokaryote

chloroplasts from endosymbiosis (ability to photosynthesize)

42
Q

what are the evolutionary advantages of compartmentalization?

A

chemicals can be concentrated for chemical reactions, biochemical process for more conditions, DNA transcription for more opportunities

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