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cell communications Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

all organisms respond to which 8 stimuli?

A

light, temperature, sound, touch, magnetic fields, gravity, pH and chemicals

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2
Q

cells in a multicellular organisms send signals and which signals can they be

A

proteins, peptides amino acids, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives or gases

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3
Q

what converts the extracellular signal to the intracellular signalling molecules

A

receptors

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4
Q

what is signal transduction

A

conversion of one type of signal to another

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5
Q

cell signalling 3 phases

A

reception, transduction and response

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6
Q

signals can act over a ______ or ______ range

A

long or short

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7
Q

what are the 4 types of signals

A

endocrine
paracrine
synaptic
contact-dependent

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8
Q

what are endocrine signals and how to they act

A

act over long ranges and are hormones
- remote signals

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9
Q

what do endocrine signals target

A

distant cells

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10
Q

what do endocrine signals transported by

A

circulatory system

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11
Q

what ate endocrine signals secreted by

A

endocrine glands

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12
Q

how does paracrine, synaptic and contact-dependent act

A

over short range (acct locally)

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13
Q

some examples of locally acting signal molecules and actions?

A

growth factors (stimulates many cell types), inflammatory factors (causes blood vessels to dilate) and gases (smooth muscle cells to relax)

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14
Q

what does each cell respond to

A

limited set of extracellular signals

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15
Q

what do cells have that are different?

A

sets of receptors and signal transduction pathways

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16
Q

what does signal interpretation depend on?

A

receptor, intracellular effector proteins and other signals received by cell

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17
Q

chemical signals instruct cells to _____?

A

survive, grow, divide or differentiate

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18
Q

what are examples of fast cell responses (< sec to mins)

A

change in cell movement, cell shape, metabolism and secretion

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19
Q

what are examples of slow cell responses (mins to hrs)

A

cell differentiation, division and growth

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20
Q

are cell responses involving gene expression are slow or fast?

A

slow

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21
Q

what do signal molecules bind to

A

cell-surface receptors or intracellular receptors

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22
Q

what do extracellular signals molecules that bind to cell-surface receptors look like?

A

hydrophilic and large

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23
Q

what do extracellular signals molecules that bind to intracellular receptors look like?

A

small, hydrophobic, extracellular signal cross membrane

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24
Q

where ate intracellular receptors bonded to

A

cytosol or nucleus

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25
Q

what examples bind to intracellular receptors

A

steroid hormones such as cortisol

cortisone enters cytoplasm and binds to receptor

receptor changes shape and releases chaperone

receptor and cortisol ligand to enter nucleus

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26
Q

what dissolved gases enter cell and activate intracellular enzymes and how

A

nitrous oxide
- diffuses across membrane and directly regulate the activity of an enzyme

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27
Q

what does NO trigger

A

smooth muscle relaxation in blood-vessel wall

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28
Q

what do cell-surface receptors create

A

new intracellular signals

29
Q

what can intracellular signalling molecules be

A

proteins or small messenger molecules

30
Q

what do effector proteins do

A

directly affect the behaviour of the target cell

31
Q

what do intracellular signalling proteins do to the incoming signal

A

relay, amplify, integrate and distribute

32
Q

what is signalling relay analogous to

A

relay race inside cell

33
Q

what is amplified inside the cell

A

extracellular signal

34
Q

what is the incoming signal distributed to

A

effector proteins

35
Q

when does a cross talk occur

A

between different intracellular signalling molecules

36
Q

what is the activity of proteins and enzymes in a signalling pathways regulated positively or negative by a ???

A

feedback mechanism

37
Q

some intracellular signalling proteins act as molecular switches

A

true (fluctuate between inactive and active)

38
Q

what happens in an activated state

A

proteins stimulate/suppress other proteins

39
Q

some molecular switches are activated by what and how (P)

A

phosphorylation by protein kinases

inactivated by dephospho rylation by protein phosphatases

40
Q

2 main types of protein kinases

A

serine/threonine kinases and tyrosine kinases

41
Q

some molecular switches are activated by what and how (G)

A

GTP binding

42
Q

cell-surface receptors 3 main classes

A

ion-channel-coupled receptors (ligand-gated ion channels)

G-protein-coupled receptors

enzyme-coupled receptors

43
Q

what is GPCRs

A

largest family of receptors (more than 700 types)

44
Q

what do stimulation of GPCRs activates

A

G-protein subunits

45
Q

what are G protein activated by

A

set of receptors and activates set of target proteins

46
Q

the g-protein is a

A

molecules switch (switches itself off)

47
Q

what does acetylcholine signal do?

A

acetylcholine signal transacted to k+ channel and slows down heartbeat

48
Q

2 most frequent target enzymes for G proteins

A

adenylyl cyclase

phospholipase C

49
Q

GCPRs activate 2 principal

A

signal transduction pathways

50
Q

adenylyl cyclase generates

A

cAMP

51
Q

how is cyclic amp generated and degraded?

A

generated = adenylyl cyclase

degraded = cyclic amp phosphodiesterase

52
Q

cAMP signalling pathways activates??

A

gene transcription

53
Q

what is epinephrine

A

adrenaline

54
Q

what is related to door perception

A

GPCRs and cAMP signaling

55
Q

what does the phosphatidylinositol signalling pathways trigger

A

rise in intracellular ca2+

56
Q

what leads to saliva secretion

A

phosphatidylinositol
signaling pathway

57
Q

calcium binding changes shape of

A

calmodulin protein

58
Q

what relates to taste perception

A

GPCRs and phosphatidylinositol signaling

59
Q

five taste classes

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami

60
Q

what taste is detected by GPCRs

A

sweet, umami and bitter

61
Q

what is GCPRs responsible for

A

light detection in rod cells in retina

62
Q

signals binding RTKs are

A

growth factors and hormones

63
Q

2 signalling pathways activated by RTKs

A

ras/mark signaling

pi3k/akt signaling

64
Q

RAS is a

A

G protein and molecular switch

65
Q

Was activated a

A

map-kinase signalling module

66
Q

activated AKT promotes

A

cell survival

67
Q

how do AKT stimulates cells to grow

A

size by activating the serine kinase TOR

68
Q

signal transduction pathways are

A

interconnected

bio (13 decks)

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