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cell division Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why is cell division required

A

growth and reproduction and repair of tissues in multicellular organisms

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2
Q

cell division 4 events

A

cell division signals

dna replication

dna segregation

cytokineses

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3
Q

cell division signals

A

1(+) signals are required to initiate cell division

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4
Q

dna replication

A

each of the 2 new cells will have a full complement of genetic information (starts at ori and ends at ter)

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5
Q

dna segregation

A

replicated DNA must be distributed appropriately to the 2 daughter cells (moved towards opposite ends)

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6
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm must divide to form the 2 new cells (starts immediately after end of chromosome replication)

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7
Q

how do prokaryotic cells divide

A

binary fission

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8
Q

how do eukaryotic cells divide

A

mitosis followed by cytokinesis

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9
Q

in cytokinesis, dna segregation happens during

A

mitosis

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10
Q

eukaryotic cell passes through which phases before division?

A

cell cycle (G1, S, G2 and M)

m = mitosis and cytokinesis
other three = interphase

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11
Q

G1

A

each chromosome (unduplicated molecule)

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12
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication occurs
- each chromosome = two sister chromatids

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13
Q

G2 phase

A

preparation of mitosis

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14
Q

in a cell cycle of 24 hours, how long does each phase last

A

G1 = 11
S = 8
G2 = 4
M = 1

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15
Q

what are the 3 main transition points

A

S phase, Mitosis entry, chromosome segregation

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16
Q

what controls transition between stages

A

specific internal signals

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17
Q

what controls G1 to S transition

A

cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)

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18
Q

what is G1 to S transition called

A

restriction point (R point)

19
Q

what does CDK activation requires

A

cyclin binding

20
Q

the accumulation of cyclins helps regulate

A

activity of CDKs

21
Q

cyclin concentrations are regulated by

A

protein synthesis and degradation

22
Q

checkpoint triggers of each phase?

A

g1 = dna damage
s = incomplete replication or dna damage
g2 = dna damage
m = chromosome unattached to spindle

23
Q

dna damage in g1 activates

A

p53 (transcription regulator)

24
Q

p53 activates the transcription of

A

p21 (CDK inhibitor protein)

25
Q

what do mitogens target

A

g1/s CDKs

26
Q

dna is packed into ??

A

a mitotic chromosme

27
Q

phases of mitosis in animal cell

A

interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

28
Q

mitotic spindle is composed of 3 classes of microtubules

A

anter, kinetochore and interpolar

29
Q

what happens at the beginning of anaphase

A

sister chromatids

30
Q

how does cytokinesis differ in animal vs plant cells

A

animal = contractile ring
plant = cell plate

31
Q

phases of mitophase

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

32
Q

what goes on in prophase

A

condensation of chromosomes

33
Q

prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope breakdown

34
Q

metphase

A

alignment of chromosome

35
Q

anaphase

A

separation of chromatids

36
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes decondense

37
Q

cytokinesis

A

cell separation

38
Q

g2

A

spindle synthesis begins

39
Q

uncontrolled cell division leads to ??

A

cancer

40
Q

3 classes of genes

A

1) proto-oncogene genes that stimulate cell growth (70 genes)

2) tumor-suppressor genes that act to stop cell growth

3) dna repair genes fix errors

41
Q

in oncogenes how do things go wrong

A

steps on the gas

42
Q

in tumor suppressor how do things go wrong

A

remove the brake

43
Q

in dan repair how do things go wrong

A

division mistakes

44
Q

tumor suppressors stop

A

cell growth

bio (13 decks)

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