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cell protein synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

protein synthesis involves?

A

transcription and translation

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2
Q

transcription

A

RNA synthesis

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3
Q

translation

A

protein synthesis

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4
Q

what does gene expression for a protein coding gene refer to?

A

transcription and translation

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5
Q

where does transcription and translation occur in eukaryotes

A

different cellular locations

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6
Q

what is produced during transcription

A

RNA complementary to one strand of DNA

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7
Q

examples of RNA molecules in euk cell?

A

messenger RNAs (code for proteins)
ribosomal RNAs (forms the core of ribosomes structure)
microRNAs (regulate gene expressions)
transfer RNAs (serve as adaptors)
noncoding RNAs (used in RNA splicing)

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8
Q

what is RNA polymerase enzyme responsible for

A

transcription

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9
Q

how many RNA polymerase in prokaryotes

A

1 RNA polymerase

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10
Q

how many RNA polymerase in eukaryotes

A

5 RNA polymerase

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11
Q

what is RNA polymerase 2 is responsible

A

for mRNA synthesis

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12
Q

3 steps of transcription

A

initiation, elongation, termination

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13
Q

what happens in initiation

A

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and starts to unwind the DNA strand

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14
Q

what happens in elongation

A

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template strand from 3’ to 5’ and produces the RNA transcript by adding nucleotides complementary to the DNA template to the 3’ end of the growing RNA

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15
Q

what happens in termination

A

when RNA polymerase reaches the termination site, the RNA transcript and polymerase are released from the template

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16
Q

what indicates where to start and stop transcription

A

signals in DNA

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17
Q

promoter

A

signal to start transcription is a DNA sequence

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18
Q

terminator

A

signal to stop transcription is a DNA sequence

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19
Q

promotor guides?

A

RNA polymerase

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20
Q

promotor indicate 2 things:

A

transcription initiation site
template DNA strand

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21
Q

what recruits RNA polymerase to the promotor in eukaryotes

A

general transcription factors

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22
Q

what increase or decrease gene transcription efficiency

A

specific transcription factors

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23
Q

how are genes transcribed

A

using one DNA strand or the other

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24
Q

transcription initiation site is indicated by

A

+1

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25
what is processed before translation
eukaryotic mRNA
26
what does pre-mRNA processing include?
5' capping 3' polyadenylation splicing
27
how are Eukaryotic pre-mRNA molecules modified
capping and polyadenylation
28
introns
noncoding intervening sequences in eukaryotic genes
29
exons
coding regions
30
where are introns removed
from pre-mRNA during splicing
31
what can be produced by the alternative splicing of a pre-mRNA
various mRNAs and proteins
32
transcription and translation occur ________ in prokaryotes
simultaneously
33
for translation, ________ are exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
pure eukaryotic mRNAs
34
all codons constitute the ???
genetic code
35
each amino acid is specified by a ???
codon
36
genetic code contains ____ codons
64
37
genetic code includes .....
1 initiation codon (AUG) and 3 stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA)
38
3 amino acids are encoded by ___ different codons
6
39
what are encoded by single codons
Only Tryptophan and methionine
40
almost all amino acids are specified by
2, 3 or 4 different codons
41
genetic code is
nearly universal
42
transfer RNAs serve as
translators for protein synthesis in ribosomes
43
what is the genetic code read by
transfer RNA molecules
44
tRNAs bind
amino acids, mRNA and interact with ribosomes
45
there is at least ____ tRNA for each amino acid
one
46
there are less tRNA molecules that
codons
47
what does wobble base pairing enable
1 tRNA to recognize multiple codons
48
how many different tRNA types are necessary to accommodate 61 codons
30
49
how many tRNA species are present in bacteria
30-40
50
how many tRNA species are present in animal and plant cells
50
51
each tRNA is specifically attached to
an amino acid
52
what charges tRNAs
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
53
what does charging or aminoacylation refers to
addition of amino acid to corresponding tRNA
54
ribosome is the ______ for translation?
workbench
55
where does the charged tRNA anticodon bind to the mRNA codon
A (aminoacyl-tRNA) site
56
The P (peptidyl-tRNA) site
where the tRNA carrying the growing peptide chain resides
57
E (exit) site
uncharged tRNA resides
58
translation ignition involves?
binding of the ribosome to the mRNA
59
Translation initiation in prokaryotes involves the
recognition of shine dalgarno sequence
60
Translation initiation in eukaryotes involves
recognition of the 5’cap
61
Translation elongation involves
peptide bond formation
62
Translation termination involves
encountering a stop codon
63
stop codons (don't bind any tRNAs)
UAA, UAG, UGA
64
stop codons bind ??
release factors
65
the binding of the release factor allows?
hydrolysis of bond between the polypeptide chain and the tRNA in the P site
66
Translation termination involves the entering of the stop codon to the
A site
67
Polysome formation increases the rate of
protein synthesis
68
Polysome (polyribosome)
assemblage of mRNA, ribosomes and their growing polypeptides.
69
when are proteins modified
after translation
70
signal sequences guide proteins to their ??
destination
71
Adding or removing signal sequences changes __________ in the cell
protein destination
72
proteins enter ______ via __________
mitochondria via protein translocators
73
selected proteins enter nucleus through?
nuclear pores
74
proteins enter the __________ during their synthesis
ER
75
proteins with an ER signal sequence enter via
protein translocator
76
Membrane proteins remain in the
ER lipid bilayer
77
soluble proteins crosses the _______ and enters _______
ER membrane and enters the lumen
78
Transport vesicles transfer proteins between
compartments

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