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cell protein synthesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

protein synthesis involves?

A

transcription and translation

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2
Q

transcription

A

RNA synthesis

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3
Q

translation

A

protein synthesis

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4
Q

what does gene expression for a protein coding gene refer to?

A

transcription and translation

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5
Q

where does transcription and translation occur in eukaryotes

A

different cellular locations

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6
Q

what is produced during transcription

A

RNA complementary to one strand of DNA

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7
Q

examples of RNA molecules in euk cell?

A

messenger RNAs (code for proteins)
ribosomal RNAs (forms the core of ribosomes structure)
microRNAs (regulate gene expressions)
transfer RNAs (serve as adaptors)
noncoding RNAs (used in RNA splicing)

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8
Q

what is RNA polymerase enzyme responsible for

A

transcription

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9
Q

how many RNA polymerase in prokaryotes

A

1 RNA polymerase

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10
Q

how many RNA polymerase in eukaryotes

A

5 RNA polymerase

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11
Q

what is RNA polymerase 2 is responsible

A

for mRNA synthesis

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12
Q

3 steps of transcription

A

initiation, elongation, termination

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13
Q

what happens in initiation

A

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and starts to unwind the DNA strand

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14
Q

what happens in elongation

A

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template strand from 3’ to 5’ and produces the RNA transcript by adding nucleotides complementary to the DNA template to the 3’ end of the growing RNA

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15
Q

what happens in termination

A

when RNA polymerase reaches the termination site, the RNA transcript and polymerase are released from the template

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16
Q

what indicates where to start and stop transcription

A

signals in DNA

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17
Q

promoter

A

signal to start transcription is a DNA sequence

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18
Q

terminator

A

signal to stop transcription is a DNA sequence

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19
Q

promotor guides?

A

RNA polymerase

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20
Q

promotor indicate 2 things:

A

transcription initiation site
template DNA strand

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21
Q

what recruits RNA polymerase to the promotor in eukaryotes

A

general transcription factors

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22
Q

what increase or decrease gene transcription efficiency

A

specific transcription factors

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23
Q

how are genes transcribed

A

using one DNA strand or the other

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24
Q

transcription initiation site is indicated by

A

+1

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25
Q

what is processed before translation

A

eukaryotic mRNA

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26
Q

what does pre-mRNA processing include?

A

5’ capping

3’ polyadenylation

splicing

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27
Q

how are Eukaryotic pre-mRNA molecules modified

A

capping and polyadenylation

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28
Q

introns

A

noncoding intervening sequences in eukaryotic genes

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29
Q

exons

A

coding regions

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30
Q

where are introns removed

A

from pre-mRNA during splicing

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31
Q

what can be produced by the alternative splicing of a pre-mRNA

A

various mRNAs and proteins

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32
Q

transcription and translation occur ________ in prokaryotes

A

simultaneously

33
Q

for translation, ________ are exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

A

pure eukaryotic mRNAs

34
Q

all codons constitute the ???

A

genetic code

35
Q

each amino acid is specified by a ???

A

codon

36
Q

genetic code contains ____ codons

A

64

37
Q

genetic code includes …..

A

1 initiation codon (AUG) and 3 stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA)

38
Q

3 amino acids are encoded by ___ different codons

A

6

39
Q

what are encoded by single codons

A

Only Tryptophan and methionine

40
Q

almost all amino acids are specified by

A

2, 3 or 4 different codons

41
Q

genetic code is

A

nearly universal

42
Q

transfer RNAs serve as

A

translators for protein synthesis in ribosomes

43
Q

what is the genetic code read by

A

transfer RNA molecules

44
Q

tRNAs bind

A

amino acids, mRNA and interact with ribosomes

45
Q

there is at least ____ tRNA for each amino acid

A

one

46
Q

there are less tRNA molecules that

A

codons

47
Q

what does wobble base pairing enable

A

1 tRNA to recognize multiple codons

48
Q

how many different tRNA types are necessary to accommodate 61 codons

A

30

49
Q

how many tRNA species are present in bacteria

A

30-40

50
Q

how many tRNA species are present in animal and plant cells

A

50

51
Q

each tRNA is specifically attached to

A

an amino acid

52
Q

what charges tRNAs

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

53
Q

what does charging or aminoacylation refers to

A

addition of amino acid to corresponding tRNA

54
Q

ribosome is the ______ for translation?

A

workbench

55
Q

where does the charged tRNA anticodon bind to the mRNA codon

A

A (aminoacyl-tRNA) site

56
Q

The P (peptidyl-tRNA) site

A

where the tRNA carrying the growing peptide chain resides

57
Q

E (exit) site

A

uncharged tRNA resides

58
Q

translation ignition involves?

A

binding of the ribosome to the mRNA

59
Q

Translation initiation in prokaryotes involves the

A

recognition of shine dalgarno sequence

60
Q

Translation initiation in eukaryotes involves

A

recognition of the 5’cap

61
Q

Translation elongation
involves

A

peptide bond formation

62
Q

Translation termination
involves

A

encountering a stop
codon

63
Q

stop codons (don’t bind any tRNAs)

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

64
Q

stop codons bind ??

A

release factors

65
Q

the binding of the release factor allows?

A

hydrolysis of bond between the polypeptide chain and the tRNA in the P site

66
Q

Translation termination involves the entering of
the stop codon to the

A

A site

67
Q

Polysome formation increases the rate of

A

protein synthesis

68
Q

Polysome (polyribosome)

A

assemblage of mRNA,
ribosomes and their growing
polypeptides.

69
Q

when are proteins modified

A

after translation

70
Q

signal sequences guide proteins to their ??

A

destination

71
Q

Adding or removing signal sequences changes __________ in the cell

A

protein destination

72
Q

proteins enter ______ via __________

A

mitochondria via protein translocators

73
Q

selected proteins enter nucleus through?

A

nuclear pores

74
Q

proteins enter the __________ during their synthesis

A

ER

75
Q

proteins with an ER signal sequence enter via

A

protein translocator

76
Q

Membrane proteins remain in the

A

ER lipid bilayer

77
Q

soluble proteins crosses the _______ and enters _______

A

ER membrane and enters the lumen

78
Q

Transport vesicles transfer proteins between

A

compartments

bio (13 decks)

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