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Anatomy > MODULE 4A: Muscular Terminology > Flashcards

MODULE 4A: Muscular Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

What does Myo / Mys mean?

A

muscle

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2
Q

Muscle fiber are made up of what?

A

a muscle cell (either skeletal or smooth)

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3
Q

True or False?
Muscle fiber are called fibers because they are elongated?

A

True

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4
Q

True or False?
Cardiac muscle cells are not elongated!!1

A

True

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5
Q

Muscle tissue converts what kind of energy to another?

A

chemical energy (ATP) to mechanical energy

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6
Q

True or False?
muscle tissue is the only kind of tissue that converts chemical energy to mechanical energy?

A

True

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissues?

A
  1. Smooth
    - has long muscle fibers
    - uninucleate
  2. Cardiac
    - makes up heart walls
  3. Skeletal
    - attaches to bones to move them to resist the movement
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8
Q

What is an example of smooth muscles

A

internal organs
- inside walls of organs
- in the bladder
- in the blood vessels

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9
Q

What is an example of cardiac muscles

A

heart
- ONLY IN THE HEART

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10
Q

What is an example of skeletal muscles

A
  • legs
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11
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

it is a slow wave motion that allows time for absorption, while still squeezing the material through the organ

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12
Q

Smooth muscle is controlled by which system?

A

autonomic nervous system which is involuntary

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13
Q

How is the smooth muscle organized?

A

diagonally, elongated, not striated

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14
Q

True of False
Typically a single neuron can reach more muscle fibers vs skeletal

A

True

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15
Q

How is the cardiac muscle organized?

A

not elongated, striated

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16
Q

Cardiac muscle is controlled by which system?

A

autonomic nervous system which is involuntary

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17
Q

What is autorhythmicity?

A

the ability to repeated generate spontaneous action potentials for each beat of our heart

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18
Q

How does cardiac muscles contracts as one?

A

via the cells being highly interconnected

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19
Q

Skeletal muscle is controlled by which system?

A

somatic nervous system, consciously controlled

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20
Q

The muscle fibers from the outer skeletal muscle surronding it contains?

A

Epineysium

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21
Q

What surronds our fascicles or bundles of muscle fibers?

A

perimysium

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22
Q

What surronds the muscle fibers that are made up of myofibrils (aka filaments of the muscles)

A

Endomysium

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23
Q

Do we have a rich blood supply to skeletal muscle? why or why not?

A

Yes we do, because the blood supply is to each muscle fiber, and we work hard carrying more oxygen and nutrients in the blood stream

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24
Q

Why does each muscle fiber include a nerve ending?

A

because we cannot contract without nervous stimulation

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25
Q

What are the 2 components of a single skeletal muscle fiber? and their purpose?

A
  1. Sarcomeres: repeating bands and contractile unit of skeletal muscle
    - run from z-line/disc to z-line/disc
  2. Myofilaments (thick and thin): they bind to each other to shorten the sarcomere
    - causes the striations
    - makes the muscles look striped
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26
Q

What happens when a muscle hypertophes?

A
  • muscle fibers muscle cells will each get a little bit larger
  • they can get more sacromeres
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27
Q

What is myofibril?

A

single contractile fiber in muscle fiber

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28
Q

what are myofilaments?

A

thin and thick filaments that bind to each other and shorten the sarcomere

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29
Q

What are striations?

A

makes muscles look striped

30
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

a single nerve (neuron) and all of the muscle fibers it innervates (supplies)

31
Q

True or False
As the need for force increases the firing rate of the active motor units will increase, so your producing more force more often, and we recruit more motor units?

32
Q

What are the 7 functions of muscles?

A
  1. Maintaining posture and body position
  2. Generating Heat
  3. Stabilizing joints
  4. Producing movement

additional functions…

  1. Protecting organs
  2. Regulating passage of substances
  3. Constriction/dilation
    (eye, blood vessels)
33
Q

What are the two types of muscle attachments?

A
  1. Direct
  2. Indirect
34
Q

What is direct muscle attachment?

A

where the muscle fuses to bone or cartilage

  • where the epimysium of the muscles is continuous with the peroxidium of the bone
35
Q

What is an example of DIRECT muscle attachments?

A
  • intercostal muscles
  • temporais muscle
36
Q

What is INdirect attachment of muscles?

A

where the tendons/aponeurosis attaches muscle to bone

  • where the epimysium of the muscle continues as a tendon/aponeurosis that merges into the periosteum of the bone
37
Q

Which is more common Direct or INdirect muscle attachment?

38
Q

What are the three types of muscle contarctions for skeletal muscles?

A
  1. Isometric
  2. Concentric (isotonic)
  3. Eccentric (isotonic)
39
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

load is equal to force contraction

  • muscle tension but no movement
40
Q

What is Concentric (isotonic) contractions

A

force of contraction is stronger than the load

  • muscle is being shortened and the movement and the muscle force are in the same direction
41
Q

What is an eccentric (isotonic) contraction?

A

load is stronger than force of contraction

  • this is where tension is made in the muscle while the muscle is lengthening
  • the force of contraction is less than the force of the load therefore the movements and muscle loads go in opposite directions

*often the force that causes the movement is gravity when the muscle is lengthening under tension to control the movement

42
Q

What are the 4 factors that affect muscle contraction

A
  1. Number of muscle fibers recruited
  2. Size of muscle fibers
  3. Frequency of nerve stimulation
  4. Degree of muscle stretch
43
Q

True of False
Fibers have an optimal length for maximizing contraction

A

True, because if muscles are stretched, thick filaments cannot reach thin filaments

44
Q

Why do the number of muscle fibers recruited matter in terms of factors affecting force of contractions?

A

the larger number of muscle fibers that are recruited the more force you can produce

45
Q

Why do the size of muscle fibers matter in terms of factors affecting force of contractions?

A

the larger the size of the muscle fibers with more sarcomeres the more force you can produce

46
Q

Why does the frequency of nerve stimulations matter in terms of factors affecting force of contractions?

A

the number of contractions or depolarization events that can happen per second, the higher the frequency the more shortening that could occur the more force that you could produce

47
Q

Why do the degree of muscle stretch matter in terms of factors affecting force of contractions?

A

because Fibers have an optimal length for maximizing contraction

48
Q

What are the 2 sites of muscle attachment?

A
  1. Origin
  2. Insertion
49
Q

What is Insertion?

A

the attachment on moveable bone
- usually more distal

50
Q

What is origin?

A

“fixed” point of attachment (or more fixed)
- usually more proximal

51
Q

True or False
As muscles shorten the insertion point moves closer to the origin?

52
Q

True or False
Muscles can only generate pulling focres?

53
Q

What is prime mover? AKA AGONIST

A

A muscle with the major responsibility of producing a specific movement

54
Q

What is synergist?

A

secondary muscles which contribute to action of prime mover

55
Q

What is Antagonist?

A

a muscle that opposes a specific movement (usually relaxed/stretched when agonist is active)

56
Q

What are three components of the lever system?

A
  1. Lever
  2. Effort
  3. Load
57
Q

What is the Lever part of the lever system?

A

Rigid bar aka bone that moves on a fixed point called Fulcrum aka joint

58
Q

What is the Effort part of the lever system?

A

force (from a muscle contraction) applied to lever to move resistance (load)

59
Q

What is the Load part of the lever system?

A

resistance (bone+ tissue+ any added weight) moved by the effort

60
Q

What are the 2 basic principles of levers?

A
  1. Effort farther than load from fulcrum = lever operates at mechanical advantage
  2. Effort nearer than load to fulcrum = lever operates at mechanical disadvantage
61
Q

What are setups of the 3 classes of classifications?

A
  1. First class lever
    - fulcrum between load and effort
  2. Second class lever
    - load between fulcrum and effort
  3. Third class lever
    - effort between fulcrum and load
62
Q

What is analogy and an example for the first class of levers?

A
  • seesaw
  • tilting the head forwards and backwards
63
Q

What is analogy and an example for the second class of levers?

A
  • wheelbarrow
  • plater flexion in the foot, calf raises
64
Q

What is analogy and an example for the third class of levers?

A
  • long-handed shovel or tweezers
  • flexion of the elbow
65
Q

What are the seven ways we name the muscles?

A
  1. Location
  2. Shape
  3. Size
  4. Direction of muscle fibers
  5. Number of origins
  6. Location of attachments
  7. Muscle action
66
Q

What are examples of location in naming muscles?

A

intercostal (rib), temporalis (temporal bone)

67
Q

What are examples of shape in naming muscles?

A

teres (round), trapezius (trapezoid)

68
Q

What are examples of size in naming muscles?

A

gluteus maximus and minimus

69
Q

What are examples of direction of muscle fibers in naming muscles?

A

rectus femoris (straight), internal oblique (diagonal)

70
Q

What are examples of number of origins in naming muscles?

A

biceps brachii (two origins), triceps brachii (three origins)

71
Q

What are examples of location of attachments in naming muscles?

A

sternocleidomastoid (sternum, clavicle, mastoid process)

72
Q

What are examples of muscle action?

A

adductor longus

Anatomy (11 decks)

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