Module 49 (Psych Disorders) Flashcards
Psychological disorder
-a collection of symptoms marked by a “clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior”
Frequency of psych disorders in U.S.
-21% of American adults experienced a psychological disorder in the past year
~50% of Americans experience a psychological disorder at some point in their life
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
-Guidebook published by the American Psychiatric Association on how to diagnose psychological disorders
-Gives diagnostic classifications, criteria sets, and descriptive text
Creation of DSM-5
-Task force (oversees project)
-13 work groups (specific subspecialty expertise), 300 advisers
-National institute of mental health, WHO, world psychiatric association
-Scientific review committee
-Clinical and Public health committee
-Public feedback (11,000 comments)
DSM-5 Example (Major depressive disorder)
> 4 symptoms during the same 2-week period that are a change from the previous functioning (e.g. depressed mood, loss of interest/pleasure, insomnia, hypersomnia, fatigue)
-Depressed mood/loss of interest/pleasure must be present
-Excludes symptoms clearly attributable to another medical condition
-Additional required criteria:
-Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment
-Not attributable to physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition
-Not better explained by schizophrenia spectrum or psychotic disorders
-No history of manic or hypomanic episode
Benefits and Drawbacks of classifying psychological disorders
Potential Benefits:
-Ease of diagnosis and communication across clinicians, predicting a disorder’s course, suggesting appropriate treatment, can be validating to individuals
Potential drawbacks:
-Heterogeneity and comorbidity, clinical criteria are somewhat arbitrary, can be stigmatizing
Depression
-#1 reason people seek mental health services
-31% of US college students report having felt so depressed it was difficult to function
-1/10 US adults have experienced depression in the past year
-Depression is 2x as common in women
-Most people recover from depression and can later experience high levels of well-being
-Work and relationship stresses can precede depression
Major Depressive Disorder
depressed mood and/or loss of interest/pleasure with other symptoms, lasting two or more weeks
Persistent Depressive Disorder/Dysthymia
enerally milder depressive symptoms lasting years or more
Bipolar disorder
a group of disorders that involves episodes of depression and episodes of (hypo)mania across weeks
Anxiety
-Classical conditioning, stimulus generalization, and reinforcement
-Cognition and worry
-Autonomic nervous system and the brain, genetics
Social anxiety disorder
persistent, intense fear or anxiety about specified social situations
Generalized anxiety disorder
continuous “free-floating” anxiety and autonomic nervous system arousal
Panic disorder
unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread, terror, and accompanying physical sensations
Specific phobias
persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
-Unwanted, persistent obsessive thoughts
-Concerns with dirt, germs, or toxins, fear of something terrible happening, symmetry, order, exactness
-Compulsive behaviors are a response to those thoughts
-Excessive hand washing, grooming, repeated rituals, checking doors, locks, homework
-Persistently interfere with everyday life and cause distress
-Most common among teens and young adults, gradual improvement is common
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
-PTSD is a response to trauma, but not everyone who experiences trauma experiences PTSD, and not all stress-related bad memories and dreams are symptoms of -PTSD
-Influenced by genes, degrees of emotional distress, other factors
-Symptoms include haunting memories and nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal
Schizophrenia
-Hallucinations: false perceptions, often in the form of auditory voices
-Delusions: false beliefs
-Disorganized speech: e.g. word salad
-Also impacts emotion expression, motor behavior
-Affects 1% of the population, usually chronic
-Abnormal brain activity and anatomy, genetic and environmental risk
Personality disorders
-An enduring and inflexible pattern of long duration leading to significant distress or impairment
-Diagnosis criteria:
-Minimum number of symptoms for PD met
-Symptoms occur in various contexts
-Not better explained by substances or medical conditions
Example: Narcissistic PD
Minimum of 5 of the following:
-Grandiose self importance, idealistic fantasies, views self as special and unique, requires excessive self admiration, entitled, exploitative, lacks empathy, envious, arrogant
Example: Schizotypal PD
Minimum of 5 of the following:
-Ideas and delusions of reference, magical thinking/superstitious, bodily illusions, odd/metaphorical speech, paranoid/suspicious, flat/inappropriate affect, eccentric behavior/appearance, lack of close relationships beyond family, paranoid social anxiety even with people they know
Example: Obsessive Compulsive PD
Minimum of 5 of the following:
-Inflexible, perfectionist to a fault, preoccupied with details/rules/schedules, excessive productive, overconscientious (strict moral guidelines), difficult discarding stuff, difficulty delegating, miserly
DSM-5 PD A Cluster
-odd/eccentric
-paranoid
-schizoid
-schizotypical
DSM-5 PD B Cluster
-Dramatic/emotional/erratic
-borderline
-narcissistic
-antisocial
-histrionic
DSM-5 PD C Cluster
-Anxious/fearful
-Avoidant
-Obsessive-compulsive
-Dependent
