Module 25 (Storage and Retrieval) Flashcards
Long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
Explicit memory
retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and declare (effortful)
Semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge
Episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events
Implicit memory
-retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (automatic)
-includes procedural memory, priming, and learning through classical conditioning (tensing up around dogs after being bitten before)
Procedural memory
automatic skills (riding a bike)
Priming
the activation (typically outside of awareness) of associations that predispose our perception, memory, and/or behavior response
Serial Position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
Autobiographical memory
few memories exist from <10 years old and virtually no memories from <2/3 years old
Retrospective memory (RM)
remembering from the past
Prospective memory
-remembering to perform an action
-Event-based (see joe, give money) or time-based (pizza in oven for 15 min)
Continuous monitoring
trying to keep the intended action continuously in mind
Vivid and distinct cues
trying to bring interactions to mind at the moment they are needed
Flashbulb memories
-detailed, vivid, confidently held memories for the circumstances surrounding when you first heard some startling bit of news
-Activity: what you were doing
-Source: who told you
-Location: where they heard
-Emotion: how you felt emotionally
-What you did next
What are flashbulb memories related to?
-Flashbulb confidence related to media coverage and conversations
-Flashbulb memories are unrelated to where you live, personal effect, emotional reaction, media coverage, extent of conversations had about event
Retrieval cues
-stimuli that help people recall memories from their long-term memory
-Retrieval cues are like passwords that open memories, associating other bits of info about surroundings to specific memory
How are memories retrieved?
-Successful retrieval depends on how they are encoded/how they are cued (regardless if implicit or explicit)
-More retrieval cues you have, the better chance you have at finding a route to the suspended memory
Encoding specificity principle
-the more closely related the retrieval cues match the encoding cues, the better the info will be remembered
-encoding specificity is the reason why many context-dependent memory effects occur
Encoding cues
external or internal factors that help form memories
Context-dependent retrieval
includes the external environment as well as our internal environment (state-dependent and mood congruent memory)
Mood congruent memory
-tendency to recall experiences consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
-Happy mood likely to trigger happy memories, whereas low mood can perpetuate itself through biased retrieval of sad memories
State-dependent memory
-what we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state
-Study rooms/conditions
-alcohol/marijuana
-Under water (greater recall when learning/testing contexts were the same (water/water and land/land) compared to lower word recall in land/water)
