Module 25 (Storage and Retrieval)

Question 1

Long-term memory

Answer 1

the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Question 2

Explicit memory

Answer 2

retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and declare (effortful)

Question 3

Semantic memory

Answer 3

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge

Question 4

Episodic memory

Answer 4

explicit memory of personally experienced events

Question 5

Implicit memory

Answer 5

-retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (automatic)
-includes procedural memory, priming, and learning through classical conditioning (tensing up around dogs after being bitten before)

Question 6

Procedural memory

Answer 6

automatic skills (riding a bike)

Question 7

Priming

Answer 7

the activation (typically outside of awareness) of associations that predispose our perception, memory, and/or behavior response

Question 8

Serial Position effect

Answer 8

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Question 9

Autobiographical memory

Answer 9

few memories exist from <10 years old and virtually no memories from <2/3 years old

Question 10

Retrospective memory (RM)

Answer 10

remembering from the past

Question 11

Prospective memory

Answer 11

-remembering to perform an action
-Event-based (see joe, give money) or time-based (pizza in oven for 15 min)

Question 12

Continuous monitoring

Answer 12

trying to keep the intended action continuously in mind

Question 13

Vivid and distinct cues

Answer 13

trying to bring interactions to mind at the moment they are needed

Question 14

Flashbulb memories

Answer 14

-detailed, vivid, confidently held memories for the circumstances surrounding when you first heard some startling bit of news
-Activity: what you were doing
-Source: who told you
-Location: where they heard
-Emotion: how you felt emotionally
-What you did next

Question 15

What are flashbulb memories related to?

Answer 15

-Flashbulb confidence related to media coverage and conversations
-Flashbulb memories are unrelated to where you live, personal effect, emotional reaction, media coverage, extent of conversations had about event

Question 16

Retrieval cues

Answer 16

-stimuli that help people recall memories from their long-term memory
-Retrieval cues are like passwords that open memories, associating other bits of info about surroundings to specific memory

Question 17

How are memories retrieved?

Answer 17

-Successful retrieval depends on how they are encoded/how they are cued (regardless if implicit or explicit)
-More retrieval cues you have, the better chance you have at finding a route to the suspended memory

Question 18

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 18

-the more closely related the retrieval cues match the encoding cues, the better the info will be remembered
-encoding specificity is the reason why many context-dependent memory effects occur

Question 19

Encoding cues

Answer 19

external or internal factors that help form memories

Question 20

Context-dependent retrieval

Answer 20

includes the external environment as well as our internal environment (state-dependent and mood congruent memory)

Question 21

Mood congruent memory

Answer 21

-tendency to recall experiences consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
-Happy mood likely to trigger happy memories, whereas low mood can perpetuate itself through biased retrieval of sad memories

Question 22

State-dependent memory

Answer 22

-what we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state
-Study rooms/conditions
-alcohol/marijuana
-Under water (greater recall when learning/testing contexts were the same (water/water and land/land) compared to lower word recall in land/water)