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A level Biology Year 1 > Module 4 chapter 12 > Flashcards

Module 4 chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do pathogens include

A
  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Fungi
  • Protoctista
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2
Q

What is a communicable disease caused by

A

other organism that that infect’s an other

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3
Q

What are infective organisms known as

A

Pathogens

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4
Q

What is an infectious disease

A

a disease resulting from infection of a host organism by a pathogen

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5
Q

What are the different types of pathogens

A
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • viruses
  • parasites
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6
Q

How many people died due to an infectious disease in 2002

A

14.7 million

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7
Q

What is the most common organism for infection

A

Bacteria

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8
Q

What cell type are bacteria

A

Prokaryotes

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9
Q

What are the 2 categories for bacteria

A
  • Basic shape

- cell wall

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10
Q

Give 5 examples of Bacteria shapes

A
  • Rod shapes
  • Spherical shapes
  • Comma shaped
  • Spiralled shaped
  • Corkscrew shaped
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11
Q

What are the 2 types of bacteria by cell wall

A
  • Gram positive bacteria

- Gram negative bacteria

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12
Q

What colour do gram positive bacteria appear under a microscope after staining

A

Blue-purple

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13
Q

What colour do gram negative bacteria appear under a microscope after staining

A

Red

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14
Q

What is an example of gram positive bacteria

A

MRSA

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15
Q

What is an example of gram negative bacteria

A

E.coil

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16
Q

What can affect how bacteria respond to antibiotics

A

types of membrane

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17
Q

What is a virus

A

non-living infectious agents

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18
Q

What is a virus made up of

A

Sort section of RNA surrounded by protein

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19
Q

How do viruses infect cells

A

inserting it’s own RNA into the DNA of a cell

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20
Q

What happens to the infected cells when a virus inserts its own RNA

A

Cell will then produce more viruses

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21
Q

What types of organisms do viruses infect

A

All organisms even bacteria

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22
Q

What are viruses that destroy bacteria called

A

Bacteriophages

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23
Q

What cell type are Protoctista

A

Eukaryotic

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24
Q

Are protoctista single or multi cellular organism

A

Both

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25
Q

How many protista are pathogens

A

Only a small percentage

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26
Q

Which can protista affect animals or plants

A

Both

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27
Q

Give an example of protista

A

malaria

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28
Q

What do protista require to transfer a disease

A

vector

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29
Q

Which do fungi affect more plants or animals

A

Plants

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30
Q

Which can fungi affect plants or animals

A

Both

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31
Q

What cell type are fungi

A

eukaryotes

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32
Q

Is fungi a multi cellular or single cellular organism

A

Can be both

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33
Q

Many fungi are Saprohytes what does this mean

A

they’re of dead decaying matter

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34
Q

Which part of the plant do fungi infect

A

Leaves

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35
Q

Why do fungi infect the leaves

A

To prevent photosynthesis

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36
Q

What do the millions of spores that fungi produce do

A

Rapidly infect other organisms

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37
Q

How do pathogens usually infect other organisms

A

damage tissues or produce toxins

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38
Q

How do fungi damage tissues

A

digest and destroy living cells

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39
Q

How do protista damage tissues

A
  • take over the cell
  • digest the insides
  • reproduce
  • burst out
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40
Q

How do viruses damage cells

A
  • takes over cellular metabolism
  • inserts RNA into hosts cell’s DNA
  • cell reproduces virus
  • Burst out of cell destroying it
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41
Q

Which type of toxin do most pathogenic bacteria produce

A

poison

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42
Q

How does poison damage cells

A

By breaking down the plasma membrane or inactivating enzymes

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43
Q

What is a vector

A

Anything that can carry a pathogen without being affected by it

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44
Q

What is an example of a vector

A

mosquito carrying malaria

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45
Q

What is Tuberculosis (TB) caused by

A

airborne bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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46
Q

What does tuberculosis (TB) affect

A

respiratory system

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47
Q

What fraction of the world is infected with the tuberculosis bacterium

A

1/3

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48
Q

How can TB be treated

A

Anti-biotics

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49
Q

What’s emerging from the anti-biotics used to treat TB

A

antibiotic resistant strains

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50
Q

In healthy people white blood cells engulf TB by what process

A

phagocytosis

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51
Q

What are white blood cells scientific name

A

macrophages

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52
Q

What does a tubercle do to TB

A

Forms around the infected site

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53
Q

How long after the tubercle forms around the site does it take for the infection to heal

A

3-8 weeks

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54
Q

How long can TB’s bacteria survive inside the macrophages

A

years

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55
Q

What happens if the patients immune system cannot contain TB

A

(Active tuberculosis) Bacteria multiplies rapidly destroying lung tissue

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56
Q

What are symptoms of active tuberculosis

A
  • coughing
  • shortness of breath
  • loss of appetite
  • weight loss
  • fever
  • night sweats
  • extreme fatigue
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57
Q

What do fever and night sweats occur due to in TB

A

Neutrophils and macrophages releasing fever-causing substances

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58
Q

When Neutrophils and macrophages release fever causing substances What response is this apart of

A

Inflammatory response

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59
Q

What do the chemicals from the inflammatory response affect

A

hypothalamus and increase our core body temperature

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60
Q

What does HIV stand for

A

human immunodeficiency virus

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61
Q

What cells does HIV target

A

T helper cells in the immune system

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62
Q

What type of virus is HIV

A

retrovirus

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63
Q

What is HIV’s genetic code

A

RNA

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64
Q

How is HIV shared

A
  • shared needles
  • contaminated blood products
  • mothers to baby’s during pregnancy
  • birth or breast feeding
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65
Q

Which gender is at more risk to HIV

A

Females

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66
Q

What is malaria caused by

A

the protoctista Plasmodium

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67
Q

How is malaria spread

A

the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes

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68
Q

What 2 hosts does the Plasmodium parasite have

A

mosquitoes and people

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69
Q

Where does the plasmodium parasite reporduce

A

inside the female mosquito

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70
Q

Where does the plasmodium parasite invade

A
  • red blood cells
  • liver
  • brain
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71
Q

What does malaria do

A

makes people weak and vulnerable to other infections

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72
Q

What is the key to reduce the number of malaria cases

A

Control the vector (mosquito)

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73
Q

How can you control mosquitoes

A
  • Insecticides
  • remove standing water where they breed
  • mosquito nets
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74
Q

What is the Flu

A

viral infection of the ciliated epithelial cells in the gaseous exchange system

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75
Q

What does the flu do

A

Kills the epithelial cells leaving airways open to secondary infection

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76
Q

What are the 3 main strands of Flu

A

A
B
C

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77
Q

Who does flu affect

A
  • mammals
  • humans (young, old and chronically ill)
  • birds
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78
Q

How are viruses classified

A

Proteins on their surface

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79
Q

What is Bacterial meningitis

A

bacterial infection of the meninges of the brain

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80
Q

What can it cause if bacterial meningitis spreads to the rest of the body

A

cause septicaemia (blood poisoning) and rapid death

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81
Q

What age range does bacterial meningitis affect

A

15-19

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82
Q

What are the symptoms of bacterial meningitis

A

blotchy red/purple rash

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83
Q

What is the death rate of bacterial meningitis

A

10%

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84
Q

Can antibiotics cure bacterial meningitis

A

Yes if treated early

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85
Q

Can vaccines protect against bacterial meningitis

A

Only some forms of bacterial meningitis

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86
Q

What is ring worm

A

fungal disease infecting mammals

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87
Q

What is ring worm caused by in cattle

A

Trichophyton verrucosum

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88
Q

What does Trichophyton verrucosum cause

A

Grey-white
crusty
infectious
circular areas of skin

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89
Q

How can you cure ring worm

A

Anti fungal creams

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90
Q

What is athletes foot

A

fungal disease

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91
Q

What is athletes foot caused by

A

Tinia pedia

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92
Q

What is athletes foot a form of

A

Ring worm

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93
Q

What does athletes foot do

A

digests the warm, moist skin between toes

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94
Q

What does athletes foot cause

A

cracking and scaling

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95
Q

How can you treat athletes foot

A

Antifungal cream

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96
Q

What is ring root (plants)

A

Ring of decay in the vascular tissue of a potato tuber or tomato, accompanied by leaf wiltering

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97
Q

What organism is ring root

A

bacterium

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98
Q

What are the 6 contributing factors that increase the spread of disease

A
  • human demographics and behaviour
  • Economic development
  • microbial development
  • breakdown of public health measures
  • climate change
  • international travel
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99
Q

What are the 7 factors affecting transmission of disease in animals

A
  • overcrowding
  • poor nutrition
  • compromised immune system
  • disposal of waste
  • climate change
  • culture
  • socioeconomic factors
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100
Q

How does climate change affect the transmission of disease

A

alter the distribution of vector organisms

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101
Q

How does culture affect the transmission of disease

A

use of traditional medicines

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102
Q

How does socioeconomic factors change affect the transmission of disease

A

lack of health workers or public warnings

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103
Q

Methods of spreading disease in plants (direct transmission)

A

contact with leaves

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104
Q

Methods of spreading disease in plants (indirect transmission)

A
  • Soil contamination
  • Wind
  • Water
  • Animals
  • Humans
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105
Q

What are the 5 factors affecting transmission of disease in plants

A
  • Susceptibility of disease
  • Overcrowding
  • resistance
  • Climatic conditions
  • climate change
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106
Q

What climatic conditions increase of spread of disease (plants)

A

damp, warm conditions

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107
Q

What factors of resistance affect the transmission of disease (plants)

A

Poor mineral content of soil reduced resistance

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108
Q

What are the 3 physical barriers to prevent disease

A
  • Waxy cutical
  • Bark of tree trunks
  • Cellulose cell walls
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109
Q

What do plants do to damage tissue

A

Section it off and sacrifice it

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110
Q

When do plants release Callose

A

when a pathogen is detected

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111
Q

What is callose made of

A

beta glucose monomers

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112
Q

What carbohydrate is callose

A

Polysaccharide

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113
Q

Where is callose deposited

A
  • between cell walls and membranes next to infected cells

- Plasmodesmata

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114
Q

Why is callose deposited between cells walls

A

To stop the spread of disease

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115
Q

What substance is added to the Callose barrier to strengthen it

A

Lignin

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116
Q

What does Callose do to the phloem

A

Blocks the sieve cells

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117
Q

What do cotton plants produce to deal with pathogens

A

Phenols (antiseptic)

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118
Q

What are Defensins that the plant produces to deal with pathogens

A

Plant proteins and disrupt membranes of bacteria and fungi

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119
Q

Name 3 anti fungal compounds

A
  • Gossypol
  • Caffeine
  • Saponins
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120
Q

What produces Gossypol to deal with fungi

A

Cotton

121
Q

Where is Saponins found

A

Chemical in plant membranes

122
Q

What does Chitinases do

A

Break down fungal cell walls

123
Q

What does Glucanase do

A

break down glucans found in oomycetes

124
Q

What is Cyanide do

A

highly toxic compound in most living organisms

125
Q

What is the immune system

A

A group of cells, tissues, organs, and mechanisms that defend against pathogens and other foreign substance

126
Q

What is an immune response

A

complex series of specific and non-specific processes

127
Q

What is involved in the immune response

A

a range of cells and chemicals

128
Q

What happens when the body fights of infection and the same infection returns

A

it will respond more quickly and effectively

129
Q

What are the 4 physical barriers

A
  • Skin
  • Skin flora
  • Mucous membranes
  • lysozyme
130
Q

What does the skin produce that inhibits pathogen growth

A

Sebum and oily substance

131
Q

What is skin flora

A

a population of natural health bacteria

132
Q

How does skin flora protect us against pathogens

A

the natural health bacteria out compete pathogens for surface space

133
Q

How do mucous membranes protect us against pathogens

A

Layer of mucus that traps pathogens

134
Q

Where can you find mucous membranes

A

gas exchange surface

135
Q

What enzyme does the mucus contain

A

Lysozyme

136
Q

Where is lysozyme found

A
  • tears
  • urine
  • stomach acid
137
Q

What is the first stage of blood clotting and wound repair

A

Platelets rush to wound and release serotonin and Thromboplastin

138
Q

What does serotonin do to help heal a wound

A

causes muscles to contract around the wound reducing the gap

139
Q

What is the second stage of blood clotting and wound repair

A

Clot dries out forming a hard scab keeping pathogens from entering

140
Q

What is the third stage of blood clotting and wound repair

A

Epidemical (skin) cells grow beneath the scab, collagen fibers reinforce the skin cells

141
Q

What is inflammation

A

swelling of skin immediately around the rupture

142
Q

What is inflammation characterised by

A
  • pain
  • heat
  • redness
143
Q

What cells are activated when the skin is ruptured

A

Mast cells

144
Q

What do mast cells release when the skin is ruptured

A
  • Histamines

- cytokines

145
Q

What do Cytokines do

A

Attract white blood cells to deal with any pathogens

146
Q

What does histamines do to the red blood cell

A

cause them to dilate which causes localised heat and redness

147
Q

What do histamines do to the cell wall

A

increase the permeability causing tissue fluid to escape which leads to swelling and pain

148
Q

What is the normal core body temperature

A

37 degress

149
Q

What controls your core body temperature

A

Hypothalamus

150
Q

What causes the hypothalamus to reset

A

large presence of white blood cells

151
Q

What happens when the hypothalamus resets

A

It increases temperature

152
Q

How does increasing temperature help fight disease

A

Pathogens can’t reproduce fast which allows the specific immune system to work faster

153
Q

How does the non-specific immune response act

A

quickly and targets a wide range of pathogens and foreign substances

154
Q

What is the non-specific immune response made up of

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • inflammation
  • antimicrobial proteins lysozyme
  • interferons
155
Q

What is a lysozyme

A

Enzyme

156
Q

What does lysozyme do

A

disrupts the cell walls of gram positive bacteria

157
Q

How does lysozyme disrupt the cell walls of gram positive bacteria

A

by digesting the pertidoglycan

158
Q

What are interferons

A

Proteins

159
Q

What produces interferons

A

virus infected body cells in response to the virus

160
Q

Interferons trigger the production of a second protein what does that second protein do

A

inhibits viral replication by binding to mRNA coded by the virus

161
Q

How do white blood cells find pathogens

A

They produce chemicals and other toxins which attract them

162
Q

How do Phagocytes know if a pathogen is from another organism

A

They recognise foreign antigens

163
Q

How does the Phagocyte kill the pathogen

A

It engulfs it

164
Q

Where does the pathogen go once it’s been engulfed

A

puts it into a specialised vacuole called a phagosome

165
Q

What is a phagolysosome made from

A

phagosomes combined with lysosomes

166
Q

What does a lysosome contain

A

a powerful digestive enzyme

167
Q

What do enzymes do in the phagolysosome

A

break down the pathogens

168
Q

What happens to the broken down pathogen

A

It’s moved out of the phagocyte by exocytosis

169
Q

What are Macrophages

A

specialised phagosomes

170
Q

Are macrophages faster or slower than normal phagocytosis

A

Slower they take longer to break pathogens down

171
Q

Once the pathogen is broken down what happens to the foreign antigens of the pathogen

A

antigens bind with the antigens of the macrophage to form a histocompatibility- complex (MHC)

172
Q

What happens to the antigens after a histocompatibility- complex is formed

A

display the antigens on the macrophages plasma membrane to form a antigen-presenting cell (APC)

173
Q

What produces opsonins

A

phagocytes

174
Q

What do Opsonins do

A

‘tag’ pathogens making them more visible to other phagocytes

175
Q

What does the specific or adaptive immune response do

A

targets specific pathogens

176
Q

Is the specific or adaptive immune response faster than the non-specific immune response

A

It’s slower

177
Q

What are the specifics main types of response to pathogens

A
  • the cellular or cell-mediated response

- the humoral or antibody-mediated response

178
Q

What does the cellular or cell-mediated response target

A

pathogens inside the cell

179
Q

What does the cellular or cell-mediated response involve

A

Highly specialised cells

180
Q

What does the humoral or antibody-mediated response target

A

pathogens in body fluid with antibodies

181
Q

Where are all cells antigens

A

On their surface

182
Q

What are the 2 ways body cells recognise antigens

A

‘self’

‘foreign’

183
Q

What are specialised glycoproteins called

A

immunoglobulins

184
Q

How will immunoglobulins react to multiple types of antigens

A

They’re specific and will only bind to 1 type of antigen

185
Q

How do antibodies bind to antigens

A

on a lock and key model basis

186
Q

What causes different variable regions in the antibody

A

the shape of the antigen

187
Q

What does the antibody-antigen complex act similar to

A

the opsonin chemical

188
Q

How does the antibody-antigen complex act similar to the opsonin chemical

A

by stimulating the digested by phagocytosis

189
Q

What happens to the pathogens once they form a antibody-antigen complex

A

they cannot affect the bodies cells

190
Q

What are the 2 ways antibodies function in the immune system

A

Agglutination

Neutralisation

191
Q

What happens in agglutination

A
  • One antibody binds to 2 pathogens causing them to clump together
  • Makes it easier to be engulfed by phagocytosis
192
Q

What happens in neutralisation

A

Antibodies act as anti toxins, binding with toxins produced by pathogens making them harmless

193
Q

What are Lymphocytes

A

A type of white blood cell

194
Q

Where are Lymphocytes found

A
  • blood

- lymph nodes

195
Q

What do lymphocytes recognise

A

antigen molecules on the surface of pathogens

196
Q

What does a lymphocytes do once it recognises a pathogen

A

Co-ordinates the immune response against the pathogen

197
Q

How can lymphocytes recognise millions of different antigens

A

A large variation of of lymphocytes produced

198
Q

What controls the immune system

A

White blood cells

199
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes

A
  • B lymphocytes

- T lymphocytes

200
Q

Where are B lymphocytes formed

A

bone marrow

201
Q

Where are T lymphocytes formed

A

Thymus

202
Q

What are the 4 types of T lymphocytes

A
  • T helper cells
  • T killer cells
  • T memory cells
  • T regular cells
203
Q

What do T helper cells do

A

Produce interleukins (a type of Cytokine)

204
Q

What does interleukins stimulate

A

B cell and antibody production which attracts other T cells and antibodies

205
Q

What do T killer cells do

A

kill pathogens

206
Q

How do T cells kill pathogens

A

produce a chemical called perforin

207
Q

What does the chemical perforin do

A

makes holes in pathogens cell plasma membranes

208
Q

What do T memory cells do

A

act as immunological memory

209
Q

How long do T memory cells remain in the blood

A

Long periods

210
Q

What do T memory cells do when a second infection occurs

A

divide rapidly to form many killer T cells

211
Q

What do T regular cells do

A

Prevent an autoimmune response

212
Q

How do T regular cells prevent an autoimmune response

A

they repress the immune system

213
Q

When do T regular cells prevent an autoimmune response

A

When all the pathogens have been destroyed

214
Q

What are the 3 types of B lymphocytes

A
  • Plasma cells
  • B effector cells
  • B memory cells
215
Q

What do plasma cells do

A

Produce a specific antibodies to an invading antigen

216
Q

How long do the antibodies live for that are produced by plasma cells

A

A few days

217
Q

How many antibodies are produced from the plasma cell when it’s active

A

up to 2000 a second

218
Q

What do B effector cells do

A

divide to form plasma cell clones

219
Q

What do B memory cells do

A

remain in the blood for long periods of time

220
Q

What do B memory cells provide

A

immunological memory

221
Q

What happens to B memory cells when an infection occurs

A

reproduce rapidly and produce the same specific antigen

222
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity

A

A response to cells that have been infected by a pathogen mainly viruses

223
Q

By what process do macrophages engulf and digest pathogens (cell-mediated immunity)

A

Phagocytosis

224
Q

What do the macrophages do once they’ve engulfed the pathogens (cell-mediated immunity)

A

Present the antigens on the surface (become antigen-presenting cells)

225
Q

What will the specific T helper cell do that fits the antigen on the macrophage (cell-mediated immunity)

A

It’ll bind and produce Interleukins which stimulate more T cells to be produced

226
Q

What will be clone T cells become (cell-mediated immunity)

A

More T helper cells

227
Q

Why would the clone T cells become more T helper cells (cell-mediated immunity)

A

To produce more interleukins

228
Q

What is hormonal immunity

A

A response to pathogens found in the blood stream

229
Q

What pathogens are likely to be hormonal

A
  • bacteria

- fungal infection

230
Q

What is produced when there’s a pathogen in the blood stream (hormonal immunity)

A

antigens

231
Q

What’s special about antigens that’re found in the blood stream (hormonal immunity)

A

They’re soluble in blood, tissue fluid and lymph fluid

232
Q

What type of cell is most important in (hormonal immunity)

A

B cells

233
Q

What do B cells have on their surface (hormonal immunity)

A

Different antigens

234
Q

What will the B cells do to the pathogen (hormonal immunity)

A

Their antigens will bind to the complimentary antigens on the pathogens membrane

235
Q

What will be B cell do once it engulfs the pathogen (hormonal immunity)

A

present the antigen on its surface becoming an antigen-presenting cell

236
Q

What is clonal selection

A

When the T helper cells bind to the antigens on the presenting B cell

237
Q

What do the Interleukins do that are produced by the T helper cells (hormonal immunity)

A

They activate other B cells

238
Q

How do B cells divide (hormonal immunity)

A

Mitosis

239
Q

What is clonal expansion (hormonal immunity)

A

B cells rapidly divide to produce many different B cells

240
Q

What are the different types of B cells produced during clonal expansion (hormonal immunity)

A

plasma and memory cells

241
Q

What do the cloned plasma cells produce (hormonal immunity)

A

Specific complimentary antibodies

242
Q

What do the specific complimentary antibodies do (hormonal immunity)

A

bind to the pathogen, disabling them or causes agglutination or neutralisation

243
Q

What do some of the clone B cells for (secondary response)

A

Memory cells

244
Q

What does the B memory cell do if the body is infected by the same pathogen again

A

divides rapidly to produce many plasma cells

245
Q

Does the correct antigen need to be identified for the secondary response

A

No making it faster

246
Q

What happens when the immune system stops recognising ‘self’ antigens

A

It attacks healthy body tissues

247
Q

How many different autoimmune diseases are there

A

80

248
Q

What is used to prevent the immune system from working

A

Immune suppressant drugs

249
Q

What is natural active immunity

A

A normal immune response to the presents of a pathogen

250
Q

How does the body respond to pathogens in the natural active immunity

A

Produces antibodies

251
Q

When does natural passive immunity take place

A

During pregnancy

252
Q

As baby’s don’t have fully developed immune systems where do they get immunity from

A

Mothers

253
Q

How does the fetus receive antibodies whilst in the uterus

A

From the mother across the placenta

254
Q

What is the placenta

A

the Bit that attaches the wall of the uterus and the baby’s umbilical cord

255
Q

When the baby is born how does it still receive antibodies

A

From the mothers milk

256
Q

Which milk sample has the most antibodies

A

The first milk sample

257
Q

What is the first milk sample called

A

Colostrum

258
Q

What makes the mother giving milk to the baby a passive immunity process

A

The baby isn’t making the antibodies itself

259
Q

What is artificial passive immunity

A

Taking antibodies produced by an organism and injecting them into the blood stream of another

260
Q

How long does artificial passive immunity last

A

A short period of time

261
Q

What is an example of a disease where artificial passive immunity is used

A
  • Tetanus

- Rabies

262
Q

What does Tetanus cause

A

Muscles to go into a spasm making you unable to breath or swallow

263
Q

Where is Tetanus found

A

contaminated soil

animal faeces

264
Q

What is artificial active immunity

A

This is a vaccination

265
Q

What does artificial active immunity get your body to do

A

Stimulates it to produce antibodies by an immune response

266
Q

How does artificial active immunity get your body to produce an immune response

A

By injecting safe antigens into the blood stream

267
Q

Why don’t vaccines cause illness

A
  • They contain an inactivated form of the pathogen
  • Contain an attenuated form of pathogen
  • contain cell surface proteins
268
Q

How is the pathogen inactive from the vaccine

A

It’s killed by heat treatment

269
Q

What does attenuated mean

A

Less virulent

270
Q

What are the 5 types of antigens

A
  • genetically engineered antigens
  • isolated antigens
  • toxin molecules that have been altered and detoxified
  • attenuated strains of live bacteria or viruses
  • killed or inactive bacteria or virus
271
Q

What’s an example of a bacteria or virus that’s been killed or inactivated

A

-whooping cough

272
Q

What’s 3 examples of a attenuated strain of bacteria or virus

A
  • Rubella
  • BCG against TB
  • polio
273
Q

What’s 2 examples of a toxin molecule that’s been altered an detoxified

A
  • Diphtheria

- tetanus

274
Q

What’s an example of when isolated antigens are extracted from the pathogen

A

Influenza vaccine

275
Q

What’s an example of a genetically engineered antigen

A

Hepatitis B

276
Q

What happens in immunity from vaccination

A

Antigen is injected into the blood stream but there’s no risk of infection

277
Q

What happens once the antigen is infected into the blood stream (immunity from vaccination)

A

Immune response is triggered

278
Q

What type of cell responds to attach to the antigen (immunity from vaccination)

A

Specific B cells

279
Q

What happens to Specific B cells once they bind to the antigen (immunity from vaccination)

A

B cells cloned to form plasma cells that produce antibodies

280
Q

What happens to the B cells once the antibodies destroy the antigens (immunity from vaccination)

A

Become memory cells that remain in the blood

281
Q

What happens to the B memory cells if the real pathogen gets infected (immunity from vaccination)

A

They reproduce rapidly

282
Q

How can new strains of influenza virus constantly emerge

A

antigens displayed on the virus can change due to mutation

283
Q

When new strains emerge from the influenza virus what does it cause

A

Antigenic variation

284
Q

What does antigenic variation make it hard to do

A

Immunise a patient against the virus for line with just a single vaccine

285
Q

How did authors think that the MMR vaccine could cause autism

A

toxins that are normally destroyed in digestion to move into the blood and if they traveled to the brain might cause autism

286
Q

What is an epidemic disease

A

When a communicable disease spread through national level

287
Q

What is a pandemic disease

A

When a communicable disease spread throughout international level

288
Q

What is heard/mass vaccination

A

Vaccinating a large proportion of the population to reduce spread

289
Q

What is local vaccination

A

Vaccinating only the people at most risk (people who travel) or people who are most affected by the disease

290
Q

What are 2 examples of communicable diseases that cannot be vaccinated against

A
  • Malaria

- HIV/AIDS

291
Q

What are antibiotics

A

A group of drugs used to treat bacterial infections

292
Q

What are antibiotics effective against

A

Prokaryotic cells

293
Q

What are the 2 types of antibiotics

A
  • Bactericidal

- bacteriostatic

294
Q

What do bactericidal’s do

A

Kill bacterial cells

295
Q

What do bacteriostatic’s do

A

Slow the growth/reproduction of bacteria

296
Q

What happens when antibiotics prevent the formation of bacterial cell walls

A

Results in osmotic lysis

297
Q

What happens when bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics

A

a super-bug is made and normal antibiotics won’t work on it

298
Q

What are the 3 methods of prevention and control of antibiotic resistant bacteria

A
  • Only be prescribed when needed
  • need to finish the course
  • infection control in hospitals

A level Biology Year 1 (11 decks)

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