Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A level Biology Year 1 > Module 2 chapter 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 chapter 2 Flashcards

Basic components of living systems

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did schleiden discover

A

All plants were made of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did Schwann discover

A

All animals were made of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the cell theory state

A
  • Both plant and animal tissue is composed of cells
  • cells are the basic unity of all life
  • cells only develop from existing cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the four types of sample preparation

A
  • Dry mount
  • Wet mount
  • squash slides
  • smear slides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Summarise Dry mount

A

-Solid specimens are viewed when been sectioned
-placed on slide with cover slip placed over it
-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Summarise Wet mount

A
  • Specimens are suspended in a liquid such as water/immersion oil
  • Cover slip is placed at an angle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Summarise Squash slides

A
  • Wet mount is first prepared
  • lens tissue gently presses down the cover slip
  • Careful not to break the slip when pressing down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Summarise Slides

A
  • The edge of the slide is used to smear the sample creating a thin even coating on another slide
  • cover slip is placed over the sample
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What sample preparation technique would you use to study: Hair pollen, dust, insect parts, muscle tissue, or plants

A

Dry mount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What sample preparation technique would you use to study: aquatic samples

A

Wet mount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What sample preparation technique would you use to study: cell division

A

Squash slides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What sample preparation technique would you use to study: Cells in blood

A

Smear slides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why would you use staining in light microscopy

A
  • normally low contrast as most cells no not absorb a lot of light
  • Stains increase contrast in cells as different components of cell take up different stain degrees
  • Resolution is limited by wavelength of light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How would you prepare a sample for staining

A
  • Placed on slide and allowed to air dry
  • Heat fixed by passing through flame
  • specimen will adhere to the slide and take up the stain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Equation for magnification

A

Size of image divided by actual size of object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is resolution

A

How clear the image is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is contrast

A

The shading difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 2 types of electron mircoscopes

A
  • Scanning electron microscope

- Transmission electron microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What magnification can electron microscopes go up to

A

over x500,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does a Transmission microscope work

A

A beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen and focused to produce an image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does a Scanning microscope work

A

A beam of electrons is sent across the surface of a specimen and the reflected electrons are collected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the transmissions resolving power

A

Best resolving power with 0.5nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the scanning resolving power

A

resolving power is 3-10nm which isn’t as good but it produces 3D images`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why would you see in more detail with an electron microscope than a light microscope

A

The electron wave length is smaller than a light wavelength therefore giving you a better image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is an artefact

A

A visible structural detail that isn’t supposed to be there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does differential staining do

A

Helps distinguish between two types of organisms that would otherwise be hard to identify.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the Gram stain technique used for

A

To separate bacteria into two groups, Gram positive and Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What will happen to Gram positive bacteria

A

retain the crystal violet stain and will appear blue or purple under the microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What will happen to Gram negative bacteria

A

thinner cell walls therefore lose the stain.

stained counterstain making them appear red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are Gram positive bacteria susceptible to

A

Penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why are the microscopy slides brought into school ready-prepared

A
  • Can be harmful

- long complex process needed to produce high quality sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is acid fast techniques used for

A

Differentiate species of Mycobacterium from other bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a lipid solvent used for in the acid fast technique

A

Carries a carbolfuchsin dye into the cells being studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What do you do for fixing in microscopy

A

chemicals like formaldehyde are used to perverse specimens in as near-natural state as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What do you do for sectioning in microscopy

A

specimens are hydrated with alcohols and then placed in a mould with wax or resin to form a hard block, then sliced thinly with a micotome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What do you do for staining in microscopy

A

specimens are often treated with multiple stains to show different structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do you do for mounting in microscopy

A

The specimens are then secured to a microscope slide and a cover slip placed on top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Properties of a Nucleus

A
  • Regulates cellular functions

- non-bound membrane

39
Q

Properties of a nuclear envelope

A

Double layered and goes around the nucleus

Physical barrier between contents of nucleus and cytoplasm

40
Q

What do nuclear pores do

A
  • Make proteins

- Allows small molecules to diffuse in and out of the nucleus

41
Q

Properties of the Rough ER

A
  • Double membrane that sits next to the nucleus
  • contains flattened sacs
  • with ribosomes
42
Q

What are the flattened sacs called in the RER

A

Cisternae

43
Q

What is the RER’s function

A
  • Protein production
  • synthesis and transport of protein
  • alters proteins produced by ribosomes
  • packs proteins for targeted destinations around cell
44
Q

Where can ribosomes be found

A
  • Floating in the cytosil or attached to the RER

- mitochondria or chloroplasts

45
Q

What are ribosomes a site for and what are they made from

A

They’re made of RNA molecules and are a site for protein synthesis

46
Q

What do ribosomes do

A

They convert smaller amino acid monomers into more complex polymers

47
Q

What does the cell membrane do

A
  • Separates cell from environment

- controls movement of substances

48
Q

What is the cell membrane made from

A

Lipids and proteins

49
Q

How much volume of the cell does the mitochondria take up

A

Up to 25%

50
Q

Is mitochondria found in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells

51
Q

What does the mitochondria do

A
  • Creates energy rich molecules

- ATP synthesis is the enzyme that helps create the energy store

52
Q

Where are chemical reactions stored in the mitochondria

A

In the membrane

53
Q

Where is the fluid stored in the mitochondria

A

In the matrix

54
Q

What hormones does mitochondria help build

A

testosterone and oestrogen

55
Q

Is the mitochondria permeable or impermeable

A

It’s completely impermeable

56
Q

How do mitochondria become bigger

A

They can combine to get bigger

57
Q

What does the SER do

A
  • Synthesises hormones and lipids

- detoxifies harmful metabolic waste products

58
Q

Where is the SER found

A

cells which are apart of the endocrine system

59
Q

What is the Golgi made up of

A

cistennae

60
Q

What does the Golgi do

A
  • packages up macro molecules IE: proteins and sends them to the rest of the body
  • Transports liquids around the cell
61
Q

What do lysosomes do

A

Like rubbers.

Break down and kill parts of cells

62
Q

Where is chloroplast found

A

Plant cells, algi

63
Q

What’s chloroplasts function

A

Takes part in photosynthesis

64
Q

What do chloroplasts do

A

Absorb sunlight and carries out reaction of photosynthesis

65
Q

What do centrioles take part in

A

helps in Cellular division

66
Q

Does centrioles take part in meiosis or mitosis

A

Both of them

67
Q

What is the cellulose cell wall made from

A

Carbohydrates

68
Q

What does the cellulose cell wall do

A

Supports the cell

69
Q

Is the cellulose cell wall permeable or not

A

It’s completely permeable

70
Q

What does the cell vacuole contain

A

Water, sugars which make cell sap

71
Q

What’s the cell vacuole used for

A
  • Support the cell

- storage

72
Q

In order to support the plant does the vacuole need to be turgid or flaccid

A

Turgid

73
Q

What happens to the vacuole when the plant is turgid and what happens to it when it’s flaccid

A

Turgid: it takes up more of the cell: support
Flaccid: shrinks taking up less of the cell: no support

74
Q

What’s the DNA like in a prokaryote cell

A

DNA is super coiled

75
Q

What’s DNA like in a eukaryote cell

A

Linear

76
Q

What are ribosomes like in a prokaryote cell

A

Smaller: 70s

77
Q

What are ribosomes like in a eukaryote cell

A

Bigger more complex: 80s

78
Q

What’s the cell wall like in a prokaryote cell

A
  • made of Peptidoglycan

- complex polymer from amino acids and sugars

79
Q

What’s the cell wall like in a eukaryote cell

A

Not present in animal cells only in plant cells

80
Q

What’s the flagella like in a prokaryote cell

A

thinner in structure

doesn’t have the 9+2 arrangement

81
Q

What’s the flagella like in a eukaryote cell

A

Has the 9+2 arrangement

82
Q

What’s the extra chromosomal DNA like in a prokaryote cell

A

Circular DNA called plasmids

83
Q

What’s the extra chromosomal DNA like in a eukaryote cell

A

only in some organelles ie: chloroplasts and mitochondria

84
Q

What’s the correct term for: structure within the cell consisting of micro tubules and micro filaments

A

Cytokeleton

85
Q

What’s a graduated measuring scale placed on the microscope stage called

A

a stage micrometer

86
Q

What 2 parts of a light microscope magnify the specimen

A

objective lens

eyepiece tube

87
Q

What’s the dark staining region where ribosomes are made

A

nucleolus

88
Q

What structure of the cell is only visible with an electron microscope

A

Ribosomes

89
Q

light microscope and electron microscope imaging advantages

A

electron microscope: can view small objects in better resolution
light microscope: can view living cells

90
Q

Why would you use methylene blue when looking at a cheek cell

A

To stain the cells

91
Q

Why do you lower the cover slip gently

A

To avoid any air bubbles being trapped

92
Q

Why would you set the microscope to the lowest magnification

A

Get the highest FOV making it easier to locate the specimen

93
Q

How do you achieve good focus on low power using a light microscope

A

Coarse focus knob

A level Biology Year 1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions