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A level Biology Year 1 > Module 2 chapter 6 > Flashcards

Module 2 chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 main stages of the cell cycle in a eukaryotic cell

A
  • Interphase

- Mitotic (division) phase

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2
Q

What phase does the cell spend most of it’s time in

A

Interphase

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3
Q

Why is interphase often referred to as resting phase

A

As cell are not actively dividing

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4
Q

What makes interphase a very active part of the cycle

A

the cell is carrying out all it’s major functions

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5
Q

What are a cells major functions during interphase

A
  • Producing enzymes or hormones

- preparing for cell division

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6
Q

What are the 3 main stages of interphase

A
  • G1
  • S
  • G2
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7
Q

What is G1 phase

A

the first growth phase

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8
Q

What is G2 phase

A

second growth phase

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9
Q

What is S phase

A

Synthesis phase

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10
Q

What happens in G1 phase

A

organelles synthesis from proteins and replicate

Cell increases in size

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11
Q

What happens in S phase

A

DNA is replicated in the nucleus

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12
Q

What happens in G2 phase

A
  • cell continues to increase in size
  • energy stores are increased
  • Duplicated DNA is checked for errors
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13
Q

Where does proteins synthesis occur is interphase

A

Cytoplasm

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14
Q

What 2 phases does the mitotic phase go through

A
  • Mitosis

- Cytokinesis

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15
Q

What happens in the mitosis stage

A

-Nucleus divides

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16
Q

What happens in the cytokinesis stage

A

the cytoplasm divides and 2 cells are produced

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17
Q

What occurs in the G0 phase

A

the cell leaves the cycle

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18
Q

When the cell leaves the cycle in G0 phase is it temporary or permanently

A

It can be either

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19
Q

What are the 3 reasons for the cell leaving the cycle

A
  • Differentiation
  • DNA of a cell may be damaged
  • Aging
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20
Q

What have a growing number of senescent cells been linked to

A

aged related diseases: cancer and arthritis

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21
Q

When a cell is differentiated why won’t it enter the cell cycle again

A

It becomes specialised to carry out that function indefinitely

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22
Q

What happens when a cell’s DNA is damaged

A

no longer divide and enters a period of permanent cell arrest

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23
Q

What are the control mechanisms of the cell cycle

A

Checkpoints

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24
Q

What do checkpoints do in the cell cycle

A

monitor and verify if each phase of the cycle has been accurately completed before the next stage

25
Q

Where are the 3 check points

A
  • G1 checkpoint
  • G2 checkpoint
  • spindle assembly checkpoint
26
Q

What does the G1 checkpoint check for

A
  • Cell size
  • nutrients
  • growth factors
  • DNA damage
27
Q

What does the G2 checkpoint check for

A
  • cell size
  • DNA replication
  • DNA damage
28
Q

What does the spindle assembly checkpoint check for

A

Chromosome attachment to spindle

29
Q

What checkpoint does the cell have to pass for mitosis to proceed

A

Spindle assembly checkpoint

30
Q

What does the term mitosis usually refer to?

A

the whole of cell division

31
Q

What is cytoplasmic division called

A

cytokinesis

32
Q

What happens to the cell when it divides by mitosis

A

It produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells

33
Q

What is mitosis an important process in

A
  • growth
  • tissue repair
  • asexual reproduction
34
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis

A
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
35
Q

What practical would you do to study mitosis

A

Prepar stained squash slides of root cells

36
Q

What does the term mitotic index mean?

A

the ratio between the number of cells undergoing mitosis and the total population of the cells

37
Q

How would you calculate the mitotic index

A

the number of cells undergoing mitosis divided by the total number of cells

38
Q

When does meiosis occur

A

in gamete formation

39
Q

How many nuclear divisions does meiosis consist of

A

2

40
Q

How many daughter cells are produced as a result of meiosis

A

4 daughter cells

41
Q

What are some differences between mitosis and meiosis

A

Daughter cells aren’t genetically identical and have half the number of chromosomes the parent cell had

42
Q

What is meiosis important for

A
  • maintaining the chromosome number from one generation to the next
  • induces genetic variation from one generation to the next
43
Q

What’s the difference between chromosomes and chromatids

A

Chromosomes consists of 1 stand of DNA

Chromatids consists of 2 molecules of double stranded DNA

44
Q

What’s the structure of a chromatid

A

thin and long fibrus structure

45
Q

What’s the structure of a chromosome like

A

thin and ribbon like structure

46
Q

What is a diploid

A

A cell or organism that has paired chromosomes one from each parent

47
Q

What is an example of a dipoid

A

Human egg and sperm cell

48
Q

What is a haploid

A

When a cell has half the number of chromosomes

49
Q

What division type would a haploid cell go through

A

Meiosis

50
Q

What is crossing over in meiosis

A

2 chromosomes of homologous pair exhange equal segments with each other

51
Q

When does crossing over occur

A

First divion of mieosis

52
Q

What has the chromosome done at the first division of meiosis

A

Replicated into 2 strands called sister chromatids

53
Q

How does crossing over cause genetic variation

A

creates new combinations of genes in the gametes that are not found in either parent , thus genetic diversity

54
Q

What happens to cells that leave the cell cycle

A

they become specialised and develop specific cellular structures

55
Q

In multicellular organisms do cells work together or alone

A

rarely work alone and are organised into groups

56
Q

Where are similar cells grouped together

A

In tissues and different tissues are organised into organs

57
Q

What do various organs work together to make

A

Organ systems, many organ systems make up the organism

58
Q

What is a specialised feature of a red blood cell

A
  • Contain haemoglobin
  • No nucleus
  • bi-concave
59
Q

What are the specilised features of a root hair cell

A
  • Large surface area

- lots of mitocondria

A level Biology Year 1 (11 decks)

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