1
Q
Surface area equation of a circle
A
4πr^3
2
Q
Volume equation of a circle
A
4/3πr^3
3
Q
circumference equation
A
2πr
4
Q
Area of a circle equation
A
πr^2
5
Q
Why do we need to exchange materials
A
To obtain ATP, waste removal, obtain O2 and regular diffusion
6
Q
What are the 6 main things organisms need to exchange
A
- CO2
- O2
- H2O
- Sugars
- hormones
- salts
7
Q
Why can’t we diffuse O2 & CO2 through the skin
A
- Allows other substances to pass through which isn’t good
- By the time O2 gets to the deep cells there wouldn’t be a sufficient amount of O2 for the cells to survive
8
Q
What is metabolic rate
A
How quickly fuels (sugars) are broken down to keep the organisms cells running
9
Q
What organisms have a high metabolic rate (single celled or multi cellular)
A
Multi cellular
10
Q
What the terminology for a fishes mouth
A
Buccal
11
Q
Why is there fluid in between the 2 layers of the lung
A
The fluid acts as a lubricant so there isn’t friction when your lungs inflate
12
Q
What are the 2 types of cells
A
- endothelial
- epithelial
13
Q
What is a squamous epithelial cell
A
Squashed cells in the alveoli
14
Q
What makes exchange surfaces more effective
A
- Increased surface area
- Thin layers
- Good blood supply
- Ventilation to maintain diffusion gradient
15
Q
What are some important features of the nasal cavity
A
- Large surface area with a good blood supply
- hairy lining, which secretes mucus to trap dust and bacteria
- moist surfaces
16
Q
Why is it important that the Nasal cavity has a good blood supply
A
The blood can warm the air to body temperature
17
Q
Why is it important that the Nasal cavity has hairy lining
A
Protects the delicate lung tissue from irritation and infection from dust and bacteria
18
Q
Why is it important that the Nasal cavity has a moist surface
A
it increases the humidity of the incoming air, reducing evaporation from the exchange surfaces
19
Q
How many alveoli are there per lung in an adult
A
300-500 million
20
Q
What percentage of gasses are there in our atmosphere now
A
- O2
- CO2
- N2
- Argon/H2O >1%
21
Q
What are the 7 different types of lung volume/breathing rhythms
A
- Total lung capacity
- Vital capacity
- Inspiratory reserve volume
- Expiratory reserve volume
- Inspiratory capacity
- Tidal volume
- residual volume
22
Q
What is total lung capacity
A
The sum of vital capacity and residual volume
23
Q
What is vital capacity
A
The total amount of air that can be breathed in
24
Q
What is inspiratory reserve volume
A
The maximum volume of air breathed in over a normal inhalation
25
What is expiratory reserve volume
The maximum amount of air you can force out of your lungs after exhaling
26
What is inspiratory capacity
The total amount of air you can take in after a deep breath
27
What is tidal volume
The amount of air coming in and out at rest
28
What is residual volume
The amount of air that's left in your lungs after maximum exhalation
29
What is a con of a double circulatory system
Large system
30
What is an advantage of a double circulatory system
```
efficient
blood separated (oxy --- deoxy)
```
31
What organism has a double circulatory system
Mammals
32
What organism has a single circulatory system
Fish
33
What is an advantage of a single circulatory system
Cold blooded
| less energy needed
34
What is a con of a single circulatory system
efficiency of gas exchange reduced
35
How does an insect receive O2
diffuses through spiracles
36
What type of blood system does an insect have
Open blood system
37
What is an advantage of having an open blood system
Every organ is surrounded in blood
38
What is a disadvantage of having an open blood system
unreliable delivery of substances
39
How do fish go up and down under water
- Going up their water bladder inflates
| - Going down it deflates
40
How does gaseous exchange occur in a fish
Blood flows from an afferent vessel in each gill and back through an efferent vessel
41
Where can you find a tracheoles
In-contact or in-between spaces of cells
42
What are the 5 key structures for human gaseous exchange
```
Nasal cavity
trachea
bronchus
bonchioles
alveoli
```
43
What part of the trachea prevents it from collapsing
incomplete rings of strong flexible cartilage
44
Why are the rings of the trachea incomplete
allows food to move easier down the oesophagus behind the trachea
45
Why do goblet cells secrete mucus onto the lining of the trachea
To trap dust and micro organisms that have escaped the nose lining
46
What do the cilia beat do in the trachea
Move the mucus along the trachea
47
What can stop these cilia from beating
cigarette smoke
48
What happens to the microorganisms and dust that's trapped in the mucus
It goes to the throat and is swallowed and digested
49
What does the trachea form once it divides into the left and right lung
It becomes the left and right bronchus
50
What's the difference/similarities in structure between the bronchus and trachea
differences: it's smaller
similarities: similar structure, same supporting rings of cartilage
51
What happens to the bronchus once inside the lungs
They divide into smaller bronchus called bronchioles
52
What do bronchioles have instead of cartilage
smooth muscle
53
What happens when the smooth muscle contracts and relaxes in the bronchioles
Contracts: bronchioles constrict
Relaxes: bronchioles dilate
54
Why do the bronchioles contract and relax
It controls the amount of air reaching the lungs
55
What are bronchioles lined with to make some gaseous exchange possible
flattened epithelium
56
What thin layers do alveoli consist of
- flattened epithelial cells
- collagen
- elastic fibres (made of elastin)
57
What is elastic recoil in the lungs
alveoli Stretch as air is drawn in and return to resting size, when helping squeeze the air out
58
What is ram ventilation
Rely in constant movement as they ram water over the gills even when they're not moving
59
Which animals rely on Ram ventilation
Primitive cartilaginous fish such as sharks and rays
60
How come bony fish don't rely on continual moment to ventilate the gills
they have a system involving the operculum which allows them to move water over their gills all the time
61
How are bony fish different from normal fish
Normal fish have to open their mouth and operculum to get a water flow whereas bony fish have a constant flow of water
62
What 2 adaptations do gills have to ensure most effective gaseous exchange occurs
Tips of adjacent gill filaments overlap
| Counter current sytem
63
What is a counter current system
Where water flows over the gills in 1 direction and blood flows through the gills in the opposite direction
64
Why is the counter current system effective
Makes diffusion easier as their is always a high difference in concentration gradient allowing substances to diffuse
65
Why does air move in and out of the lungs
Due to pressure changes in the thorax
66
What causes pressure changes in the lungs
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
67
What happens to the muscles when you inhale
Diaphragm contracts being pulled down
| external inter coastal muscles contact pulling your rib cage upwards and out crating more room for your lungs to inflate
68
What happens to the muscles when you exhale
Diaphragm and rib muscles relax making your chest cavity smaller making your lungs deflate
69
What happens to your muscles if you exhale forcibly
internal intercostal muscles contract pulling the ribs down hard and fast
abdominal muscles contract forcing the diaphragm up
70
What does the peak flow meter measure
The rate at which air can be expelled from the lungs
71
Why usually uses the peak flow meter
People with asthma to see how well their lungs are working
72
What is a vitalographs
A more sophisticated version of the peak flow meter
73
How do you use a vitalograph
You breath out as fast as you can through a mouth piece
| produces a graph showing the amount of air breathed in and out and how quickly
74
What is a spirometer used to measure
- different aspects of lung volume
| - breathing patterns
75
Ventilation rate=
Tidal volume x breathing rate (per minute)
76
What does the air leave and enter an insect through
Spiracles
77
where is water lost in an insect
Through the spiracles
78
What opens and closes the spiracles
Sphincters
79
Why are spiracle sphincters kept close as much as possible
To minimise water loss
80
In what situation will spiracles all be closed most of the time
When the insect is inactive and O2 demands are very low
81
In what situation will more spiracles be open
- When O2 demand is raised
| - CO2 levels build up
82
What comes off of the spiracles
Tracheae
83
What's the name of the largest tubes in an insects respiratory system
Tracheae
84
What's the size of a tracheae
1 mm in diameter
85
Where are the tracheae found
Along and in the body
86
What are spiracles lined with
chitin
87
What does chitin do to the tracheae
keeps them open if they're bent or pressed
88
What is the exoskeleton made from in an insect
chitin
89
Is chitin permeable or impermeable to gases
Impermeable so little gaseous exchange occurs in the trachae
90
properties of the tracheole
- 0.6-.08 um
- elongated
- no chitin
- permeable
91
Where is the tracheoles found
Throughout the tissues
| in between each cell
92
How does the air move along the tracheae and tracheoles
diffusion
A level Biology Year 1
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