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A level Biology Year 1 > Module 3 chapter 7 > Flashcards

Module 3 chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Surface area equation of a circle

A

4πr^3

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2
Q

Volume equation of a circle

A

4/3πr^3

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3
Q

circumference equation

A

2πr

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4
Q

Area of a circle equation

A

πr^2

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5
Q

Why do we need to exchange materials

A

To obtain ATP, waste removal, obtain O2 and regular diffusion

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6
Q

What are the 6 main things organisms need to exchange

A
  • CO2
  • O2
  • H2O
  • Sugars
  • hormones
  • salts
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7
Q

Why can’t we diffuse O2 & CO2 through the skin

A
  • Allows other substances to pass through which isn’t good

- By the time O2 gets to the deep cells there wouldn’t be a sufficient amount of O2 for the cells to survive

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8
Q

What is metabolic rate

A

How quickly fuels (sugars) are broken down to keep the organisms cells running

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9
Q

What organisms have a high metabolic rate (single celled or multi cellular)

A

Multi cellular

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10
Q

What the terminology for a fishes mouth

A

Buccal

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11
Q

Why is there fluid in between the 2 layers of the lung

A

The fluid acts as a lubricant so there isn’t friction when your lungs inflate

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of cells

A
  • endothelial

- epithelial

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13
Q

What is a squamous epithelial cell

A

Squashed cells in the alveoli

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14
Q

What makes exchange surfaces more effective

A
  • Increased surface area
  • Thin layers
  • Good blood supply
  • Ventilation to maintain diffusion gradient
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15
Q

What are some important features of the nasal cavity

A
  • Large surface area with a good blood supply
  • hairy lining, which secretes mucus to trap dust and bacteria
  • moist surfaces
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16
Q

Why is it important that the Nasal cavity has a good blood supply

A

The blood can warm the air to body temperature

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17
Q

Why is it important that the Nasal cavity has hairy lining

A

Protects the delicate lung tissue from irritation and infection from dust and bacteria

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18
Q

Why is it important that the Nasal cavity has a moist surface

A

it increases the humidity of the incoming air, reducing evaporation from the exchange surfaces

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19
Q

How many alveoli are there per lung in an adult

A

300-500 million

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20
Q

What percentage of gasses are there in our atmosphere now

A
  • O2
  • CO2
  • N2
  • Argon/H2O >1%
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21
Q

What are the 7 different types of lung volume/breathing rhythms

A
  • Total lung capacity
  • Vital capacity
  • Inspiratory reserve volume
  • Expiratory reserve volume
  • Inspiratory capacity
  • Tidal volume
  • residual volume
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22
Q

What is total lung capacity

A

The sum of vital capacity and residual volume

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23
Q

What is vital capacity

A

The total amount of air that can be breathed in

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24
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume

A

The maximum volume of air breathed in over a normal inhalation

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25
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume

A

The maximum amount of air you can force out of your lungs after exhaling

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26
Q

What is inspiratory capacity

A

The total amount of air you can take in after a deep breath

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27
Q

What is tidal volume

A

The amount of air coming in and out at rest

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28
Q

What is residual volume

A

The amount of air that’s left in your lungs after maximum exhalation

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29
Q

What is a con of a double circulatory system

A

Large system

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30
Q

What is an advantage of a double circulatory system

A 
efficient
blood separated (oxy --- deoxy)
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31
Q

What organism has a double circulatory system

A

Mammals

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32
Q

What organism has a single circulatory system

A

Fish

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33
Q

What is an advantage of a single circulatory system

A

Cold blooded

less energy needed

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34
Q

What is a con of a single circulatory system

A

efficiency of gas exchange reduced

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35
Q

How does an insect receive O2

A

diffuses through spiracles

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36
Q

What type of blood system does an insect have

A

Open blood system

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37
Q

What is an advantage of having an open blood system

A

Every organ is surrounded in blood

38
Q

What is a disadvantage of having an open blood system

A

unreliable delivery of substances

39
Q

How do fish go up and down under water

A
  • Going up their water bladder inflates

- Going down it deflates

40
Q

How does gaseous exchange occur in a fish

A

Blood flows from an afferent vessel in each gill and back through an efferent vessel

41
Q

Where can you find a tracheoles

A

In-contact or in-between spaces of cells

42
Q

What are the 5 key structures for human gaseous exchange

A 
Nasal cavity
trachea
bronchus
bonchioles
alveoli
43
Q

What part of the trachea prevents it from collapsing

A

incomplete rings of strong flexible cartilage

44
Q

Why are the rings of the trachea incomplete

A

allows food to move easier down the oesophagus behind the trachea

45
Q

Why do goblet cells secrete mucus onto the lining of the trachea

A

To trap dust and micro organisms that have escaped the nose lining

46
Q

What do the cilia beat do in the trachea

A

Move the mucus along the trachea

47
Q

What can stop these cilia from beating

A

cigarette smoke

48
Q

What happens to the microorganisms and dust that’s trapped in the mucus

A

It goes to the throat and is swallowed and digested

49
Q

What does the trachea form once it divides into the left and right lung

A

It becomes the left and right bronchus

50
Q

What’s the difference/similarities in structure between the bronchus and trachea

A

differences: it’s smaller
similarities: similar structure, same supporting rings of cartilage

51
Q

What happens to the bronchus once inside the lungs

A

They divide into smaller bronchus called bronchioles

52
Q

What do bronchioles have instead of cartilage

A

smooth muscle

53
Q

What happens when the smooth muscle contracts and relaxes in the bronchioles

A

Contracts: bronchioles constrict
Relaxes: bronchioles dilate

54
Q

Why do the bronchioles contract and relax

A

It controls the amount of air reaching the lungs

55
Q

What are bronchioles lined with to make some gaseous exchange possible

A

flattened epithelium

56
Q

What thin layers do alveoli consist of

A
  • flattened epithelial cells
  • collagen
  • elastic fibres (made of elastin)
57
Q

What is elastic recoil in the lungs

A

alveoli Stretch as air is drawn in and return to resting size, when helping squeeze the air out

58
Q

What is ram ventilation

A

Rely in constant movement as they ram water over the gills even when they’re not moving

59
Q

Which animals rely on Ram ventilation

A

Primitive cartilaginous fish such as sharks and rays

60
Q

How come bony fish don’t rely on continual moment to ventilate the gills

A

they have a system involving the operculum which allows them to move water over their gills all the time

61
Q

How are bony fish different from normal fish

A

Normal fish have to open their mouth and operculum to get a water flow whereas bony fish have a constant flow of water

62
Q

What 2 adaptations do gills have to ensure most effective gaseous exchange occurs

A

Tips of adjacent gill filaments overlap

Counter current sytem

63
Q

What is a counter current system

A

Where water flows over the gills in 1 direction and blood flows through the gills in the opposite direction

64
Q

Why is the counter current system effective

A

Makes diffusion easier as their is always a high difference in concentration gradient allowing substances to diffuse

65
Q

Why does air move in and out of the lungs

A

Due to pressure changes in the thorax

66
Q

What causes pressure changes in the lungs

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

67
Q

What happens to the muscles when you inhale

A

Diaphragm contracts being pulled down

external inter coastal muscles contact pulling your rib cage upwards and out crating more room for your lungs to inflate

68
Q

What happens to the muscles when you exhale

A

Diaphragm and rib muscles relax making your chest cavity smaller making your lungs deflate

69
Q

What happens to your muscles if you exhale forcibly

A

internal intercostal muscles contract pulling the ribs down hard and fast
abdominal muscles contract forcing the diaphragm up

70
Q

What does the peak flow meter measure

A

The rate at which air can be expelled from the lungs

71
Q

Why usually uses the peak flow meter

A

People with asthma to see how well their lungs are working

72
Q

What is a vitalographs

A

A more sophisticated version of the peak flow meter

73
Q

How do you use a vitalograph

A

You breath out as fast as you can through a mouth piece

produces a graph showing the amount of air breathed in and out and how quickly

74
Q

What is a spirometer used to measure

A
  • different aspects of lung volume

- breathing patterns

75
Q

Ventilation rate=

A

Tidal volume x breathing rate (per minute)

76
Q

What does the air leave and enter an insect through

A

Spiracles

77
Q

where is water lost in an insect

A

Through the spiracles

78
Q

What opens and closes the spiracles

A

Sphincters

79
Q

Why are spiracle sphincters kept close as much as possible

A

To minimise water loss

80
Q

In what situation will spiracles all be closed most of the time

A

When the insect is inactive and O2 demands are very low

81
Q

In what situation will more spiracles be open

A
  • When O2 demand is raised

- CO2 levels build up

82
Q

What comes off of the spiracles

A

Tracheae

83
Q

What’s the name of the largest tubes in an insects respiratory system

A

Tracheae

84
Q

What’s the size of a tracheae

A

1 mm in diameter

85
Q

Where are the tracheae found

A

Along and in the body

86
Q

What are spiracles lined with

A

chitin

87
Q

What does chitin do to the tracheae

A

keeps them open if they’re bent or pressed

88
Q

What is the exoskeleton made from in an insect

A

chitin

89
Q

Is chitin permeable or impermeable to gases

A

Impermeable so little gaseous exchange occurs in the trachae

90
Q

properties of the tracheole

A
  • 0.6-.08 um
  • elongated
  • no chitin
  • permeable
91
Q

Where is the tracheoles found

A

Throughout the tissues

in between each cell

92
Q

How does the air move along the tracheae and tracheoles

A

diffusion

A level Biology Year 1 (11 decks)

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