Module 2 chapter 3 Flashcards
What elements do proteins contain
- Carbon
- oxygen
- hydrogen
- nitrogen
What does the R represent in the general structure of an amino acid
Any other molecule
How many different amino acids are there
20
What type of bond joins amino acids together
Peptide bonds
Where does the joining of amino acids occur in living organisms
RER
What is a dipeptide (amino acids)
2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond
What is a primary structure (amino acids)
The sequence of amino acids
What breaks a H bond (amino acids)
Temperature
pH
What breaks a Di-sulphide bridge bond (amino acids)
reducing agents
What breaks an ionic bond (amino acids)
pH
Where are ionic bonds formed (amino acids)
Between oppositely charged R-groups
Where are H bonds formed
Between a delta + & - molecule
Where do Di-sulphide bonds form
R-groups that contain sulfer atoms
Where do hydrophobic bonds form
polar and non-polar R-groups
What is a polar molecule
regions of + & -
What is a Quaternary structure
When there are two or more tertiary proteins in the molecule
What are the 8 functions of proteins
- Enzymes
- Transport
- Movement
- cell recognition
- channels
- structure
- hormones
- protection
What are the 3 different types of proteins
- Fibrous proteins
- Conjugated
- Globular
What are fibrous proteins properties
- Insoluble
- elongated shape
What do fibrous proteins code for
- Structure of cells
- collagen
What do Conjugated proteins code for
- Haemoglobin
- Catalase
What do Globular proteins code for
-Enzymes
Properties of globular proteins
- Soluble
- 3D
What is collagen
Connective tissue
Where is collagen found
Skin, tendons, ligaments and nervous system
What is collagen made of
3 polypeptides wound in long rope like structure
What protein type is Elastin
Fibrous protein
Where is Elastin found
elastic fibres in Blood vessels and alveoli
What is elastin made from
Tropoelastin molecules
Where is keratin found
Hair, skin, nails
What amino acid does keratin contain
Cysteine
What bonds are present in keratin
Strong disulfide bonds
What do the bonds in keratin form
strong inflexible and insoluble materials
What is a catalase
An enzyme specific to a particular reaction or reaction type
How many haem prosthetic groups does catalase contain
4
What does Haemoglobin do
Carries O2 pigment in RBC
What is the pigment in Haemoglobin made from
4 polypeptides
2 alpha
2 beta suburits
Why does H2O have a wide temperature range
It takes a lot of energy to break the H bond
How is having a wide temperature range useful
Maintains a reasonable temp in our body
How is being more dense as a liquid than solid useful
Ice will float on surface so H2O will remain liquid underneath
How is Ice a poor conductor
Spaces between molecules so it can’t pass energy on
How is ice being a poor conductor useful
Insulates everything underneath, prevents H2O from freezing underneath
How is H2O being a solvent useful
Allows things to dissolve in and out of cells easier
How can H2O flow
Polar nature of H2O causes it to surround other polar molecules
How does cohesion aid water in flowing
H bonds stick together
How is surface tension useful
Allows some organisms to habitat on water
How do H2O molecules stick to other substances
other substances have a charge causing them to stick
What 3 elements do carbs contain
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
What are monosaccharides used for
- energy
- building blocks
What are 3 examples of a monosaccharide
- glucose
- fructose
- ribose
What are 2 examples of a disaccharide
- lactose
- sucrose
What are 3 examples of a polysaccharide
- Glycogen
- cellulose
- starch
What is an isomerism
Same molecular formula but different in structure
What are the 2 Isomerism’s
Beta and Alpha glucose
What’s an alpha’s structure like (isomerism)
OH points down
What’s a beta’s structure like (isomerism)
OH points up
What’s the bond called that joins 2 glucose’s together
1,4 glycosidic bond
When is a disaccharide formed
Formed from 2 monosaccharides
What bond joins disaccharides together
glycosidic bond
Condensation reaction:
glucose+glucose—>
Moltose
Condensation reaction:
Glucose+glactose—>
lactose
Condensation reaction:
glucose+frutose—>
Sucrose
When is a polysaccharide formed
from many monosaccharides
Where is starch found
plants
What 2 different polymers is starch made from
-Amylose
-Amylopectin
joined together
What glucose is amylose made from
A-Glucose (alpha)
What bond joins Amylose together
1,4 glycosidic bonds
What structure does Amylose form
Spiral structure
What glucose is Amylopectin made from
A-glucose (alpha)
What bonds join Amylopectin together
1,4 and some 1,6 bonds
What’s Amylopectins structure like
branched structure
Where is Glycogen stored
- liver
- muscles
What is released when glucose levels are to high
Insulin
What is released when glucose levels are to low
glucagon
What is a storage carbohydrate for mammals
Glycogen
Aerobic respiration equation (chemical)
C6H12O6+6O2—>6CO2+ 6H2O
Aerobic respiration equation (word)
glucose+oxygen—>carbon dioxide+water+energy
Is glycogen soluble
No it’s insoluble
What glucose is glycogen made from
A-glucose (alpha)
What bonds join glycogen together
1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
What structure does glycogen have
branched structure
What is hydrolysis
Process of adding water
What is hydrolase
breaking down water
What can enzymes break down easier branched or spiral structure
Branched as there is a higher SA:V ratio
Where is Cellulose found
In plants
What’s cellulose’s function
Structural polysaccharide
What glucose is Cellulose made from
B-glucose (beta)
What bonds join Cellulose together
1,4 glycosidic bond
What bond links adjacent chains
Hydrogen bond
Is Cellulose permeable or impermeable
It’s completely permeable
What elements are Lipids made from
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
Where are lipids found
- Wax
- Oils
- Fats
Are lipids soluble or insoluble in water
Insoluble
What are lipids good sources for
Energy (38kJ/g)
Are lipids good or bad conductors of heat
Bad
What are most fats and oils (lipid type)
Triglycerides
What are the 5 types of nucleic acids
- DNA
- RNA
- tRNA
- mRNA
- rRNA
What does DNA stand for
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
What does RNA stand for
RiboNucleic Acid
What does tRNA stand for
transfer RNA
What does mRNA stand for
Messenger RNA
What does rRNA stand for
Ribosomal RNA
What are the 4 types of Ribase’s
- RNA
- tRNA
- mRNA
- rRNA
What is DNA’s role
Protein synthesis
DNA replication
What is RNA’s role
transcription/ translation
What is tRNA and mRNA’s role
protein synthesis
What is rRNA’s role
Protein synthesis
What does the rectangle represent in a nucleic acid structure
Nitrogenous base
What does the pentagon represent in a nucleic acid structure
pentose sugar
What does the circle represent in the nucleic acid structure
Phosphate group
What bonds join together a nucleic acid
Phosphodiester bond
What are the 5 bases
- A
- G
- T
- C
- U
What are the DNA bases
- A
- G
- T
- C
What is the RNA base
-U
What does base A stand for
Adenine
What does base T stand for
Thymine
What does base G stand for
Guanine
What does base C stand for
Cytosine
What does base U stand for
Uracil
What are the 2 Purine bases
- A
- G
What are the 3 pyrimidine bases
- T
- C
- U
How can you tell if a base is a Purine
It has 2 pentagons
What does A bind with for DNA
-T
What does T bind with for DNA
-A
What does G bind with for DNA
-C
What does C bind with for DNA
-G
What does C bind with for RNA
-G
What does G bind with for RNA
-C
What does A bind with for RNA
-U
What does U bind with for RNA
-A
Why is there no T in RNA
T won’t survive the cytoplasm’s conditions
What would happen to T in the cytoplasm
It would break down
What does a Purine bond to
A perimidine
How many H bonds does A (U or T) form
2`
How many H bonds does G - C form
3
How many strands are there in RNA
1
How are nucleotides formed
By a condensation reaction
Where do bonds occur
at carbon 3 and 5
How base pairs make up 1 turn
10 base pairs
How long is 10 base pairs
3.4 nm long
What do Histones do
Hold DNA strands together
What are the 2 types of nucleic acids
- DNA
- RNA
What elements do nucleic acids contain
- Carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- nitrogen
- phosphorus
What 3 components is an individual nucleotide made up of
- Pentose monosaccharide
- Phosphate group
- nitrogenous base
What is the simple term for a pentose monosaccharide
sugar
How many carbon atoms does a pentose monosaccharide have
5
What are the properties of a phosphate group in a nucleic acid
- Inorganic
- acidic
- negatively charged
What are the properties of a nitrogenous base in a nucleic acid
- complex organic molecule
- 1 or 2 carbon rings
- nitrogen
What reaction links the nucleotides together
Condensation reaction
Where is the covalent bond formed on the pentose sugar
(5’)
What does the covalent bond on 5’ of the pentose sugar bond with
Hydroxyl (OH)
Where is the Hydroxyl group found on the nucleic acid
5’ and (3’ of the adjacent nucleotide)
What are the bonds called that link sugars, bases and phosphate groups in a nucleic acid
Phosphodiester bonds
How are phosphodiester bonds broken
hydrolysis
What is the reverse of a condensation reaction
Hydrolysis
What does DNA stand for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What is the sugar found in DNA
Deoxyribose
What is a deoxyribose
a sugar with one fewer O2 atoms than ribose
What bond holds the 2 strands of the double helix together
Hydrogen bonds
Where do the hydrogen bonds hold the double helix together
between the bases
How are the 2 strands in the double helix arranged
Anti-parallel (run in opposite directions)
How many hydrogen bonds do adenine and thymine form
2
How many hydrogen bonds do guanine and cytosine form
3
What does the sequence of bases along a DNA strand carry
The genetic information of an organism
What form does the genetic information take place as
Code
What does RNA stand for
Ribonucleic acid
What essential role does RNA play
Transfer of genetic information
Where does the transfer of genetic information come from and go to
Comes from DNA and goes to the proteins
What do proteins make up
Enzymes and tissues of the body
As DNA can’t leave the nucleus how does the genetic information leave the nucleus
mRNA
What is the polymer RNA composed of
many nucleotide monomers
How are RNA and DNA nucleotides different
- The pentose sugar is ribose rather than deoxyribose
- thymine base is replaced with uracil
which bond and how many of them does uracil form with adenine
2 hydrogen bonds
How do RNA nucleotides form polymers
formation of phosphodiester bonds in condensation reactions
What happens when the RNA reaches the cytoplasm
- RNA molecules are degraded
- phosphodiester bonds are hydrolysed
- RNA nucleotides are released and reused
When a cell prepares to divide, what happens to the DNA double helix
It separates
Why does DNA need to replicate
- Cell division
- reproduction
Why is DNA needed for cell division
new cells need new DNA for growth and tissues repair
Why is DNA needed for reproduction
gametes requires DNA to pass on genetic information
What is the first step of Semi-Conservative replication
H+ bonds between the bases are broken
What is the second step of Semi-Conservative replication
Double helix structure unwinds
What is the third step of Semi-Conservative replication
Free nucleotides join the unpaired bases
What is the fourth step of Semi-Conservative replication
H+ bonds form
What is the fifth step of Semi-Conservative replication
Phosphodiester bonds form between nucleotides
What does DNA helicase do
Breaks H+ bonds and unwinds molecule
What does DNA polymerase do
forms phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides
How many strands does mRNA have
1 strand
Does mRNA contain deoxyribose or ribose
Ribose
Which bases does mRNA contain
A, G, C, U
