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A level Biology Year 1 > Module 2 chapter 3 > Flashcards

Module 2 chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What elements do proteins contain

A
  • Carbon
  • oxygen
  • hydrogen
  • nitrogen
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2
Q

What does the R represent in the general structure of an amino acid

A

Any other molecule

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3
Q

How many different amino acids are there

A

20

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4
Q

What type of bond joins amino acids together

A

Peptide bonds

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5
Q

Where does the joining of amino acids occur in living organisms

A

RER

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6
Q

What is a dipeptide (amino acids)

A

2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond

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7
Q

What is a primary structure (amino acids)

A

The sequence of amino acids

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8
Q

What breaks a H bond (amino acids)

A

Temperature

pH

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9
Q

What breaks a Di-sulphide bridge bond (amino acids)

A

reducing agents

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10
Q

What breaks an ionic bond (amino acids)

A

pH

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11
Q

Where are ionic bonds formed (amino acids)

A

Between oppositely charged R-groups

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12
Q

Where are H bonds formed

A

Between a delta + & - molecule

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13
Q

Where do Di-sulphide bonds form

A

R-groups that contain sulfer atoms

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14
Q

Where do hydrophobic bonds form

A

polar and non-polar R-groups

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15
Q

What is a polar molecule

A

regions of + & -

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16
Q

What is a Quaternary structure

A

When there are two or more tertiary proteins in the molecule

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17
Q

What are the 8 functions of proteins

A
  • Enzymes
  • Transport
  • Movement
  • cell recognition
  • channels
  • structure
  • hormones
  • protection
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18
Q

What are the 3 different types of proteins

A
  • Fibrous proteins
  • Conjugated
  • Globular
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19
Q

What are fibrous proteins properties

A
  • Insoluble

- elongated shape

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20
Q

What do fibrous proteins code for

A
  • Structure of cells

- collagen

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21
Q

What do Conjugated proteins code for

A
  • Haemoglobin

- Catalase

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22
Q

What do Globular proteins code for

A

-Enzymes

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23
Q

Properties of globular proteins

A
  • Soluble

- 3D

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24
Q

What is collagen

A

Connective tissue

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25
Q

Where is collagen found

A

Skin, tendons, ligaments and nervous system

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26
Q

What is collagen made of

A

3 polypeptides wound in long rope like structure

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27
Q

What protein type is Elastin

A

Fibrous protein

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28
Q

Where is Elastin found

A

elastic fibres in Blood vessels and alveoli

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29
Q

What is elastin made from

A

Tropoelastin molecules

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30
Q

Where is keratin found

A

Hair, skin, nails

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31
Q

What amino acid does keratin contain

A

Cysteine

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32
Q

What bonds are present in keratin

A

Strong disulfide bonds

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33
Q

What do the bonds in keratin form

A

strong inflexible and insoluble materials

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34
Q

What is a catalase

A

An enzyme specific to a particular reaction or reaction type

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35
Q

How many haem prosthetic groups does catalase contain

A

4

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36
Q

What does Haemoglobin do

A

Carries O2 pigment in RBC

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37
Q

What is the pigment in Haemoglobin made from

A

4 polypeptides
2 alpha
2 beta suburits

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38
Q

Why does H2O have a wide temperature range

A

It takes a lot of energy to break the H bond

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39
Q

How is having a wide temperature range useful

A

Maintains a reasonable temp in our body

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40
Q

How is being more dense as a liquid than solid useful

A

Ice will float on surface so H2O will remain liquid underneath

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41
Q

How is Ice a poor conductor

A

Spaces between molecules so it can’t pass energy on

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42
Q

How is ice being a poor conductor useful

A

Insulates everything underneath, prevents H2O from freezing underneath

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43
Q

How is H2O being a solvent useful

A

Allows things to dissolve in and out of cells easier

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44
Q

How can H2O flow

A

Polar nature of H2O causes it to surround other polar molecules

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45
Q

How does cohesion aid water in flowing

A

H bonds stick together

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46
Q

How is surface tension useful

A

Allows some organisms to habitat on water

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47
Q

How do H2O molecules stick to other substances

A

other substances have a charge causing them to stick

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48
Q

What 3 elements do carbs contain

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
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49
Q

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates

A
  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
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50
Q

What are monosaccharides used for

A
  • energy

- building blocks

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51
Q

What are 3 examples of a monosaccharide

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • ribose
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52
Q

What are 2 examples of a disaccharide

A
  • lactose

- sucrose

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53
Q

What are 3 examples of a polysaccharide

A
  • Glycogen
  • cellulose
  • starch
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54
Q

What is an isomerism

A

Same molecular formula but different in structure

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55
Q

What are the 2 Isomerism’s

A

Beta and Alpha glucose

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56
Q

What’s an alpha’s structure like (isomerism)

A

OH points down

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57
Q

What’s a beta’s structure like (isomerism)

A

OH points up

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58
Q

What’s the bond called that joins 2 glucose’s together

A

1,4 glycosidic bond

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59
Q

When is a disaccharide formed

A

Formed from 2 monosaccharides

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60
Q

What bond joins disaccharides together

A

glycosidic bond

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61
Q

Condensation reaction:

glucose+glucose—>

A

Moltose

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62
Q

Condensation reaction:

Glucose+glactose—>

A

lactose

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63
Q

Condensation reaction:

glucose+frutose—>

A

Sucrose

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64
Q

When is a polysaccharide formed

A

from many monosaccharides

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65
Q

Where is starch found

A

plants

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66
Q

What 2 different polymers is starch made from

A

-Amylose
-Amylopectin
joined together

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67
Q

What glucose is amylose made from

A

A-Glucose (alpha)

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68
Q

What bond joins Amylose together

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds

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69
Q

What structure does Amylose form

A

Spiral structure

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70
Q

What glucose is Amylopectin made from

A

A-glucose (alpha)

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71
Q

What bonds join Amylopectin together

A

1,4 and some 1,6 bonds

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72
Q

What’s Amylopectins structure like

A

branched structure

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73
Q

Where is Glycogen stored

A
  • liver

- muscles

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74
Q

What is released when glucose levels are to high

A

Insulin

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75
Q

What is released when glucose levels are to low

A

glucagon

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76
Q

What is a storage carbohydrate for mammals

A

Glycogen

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77
Q

Aerobic respiration equation (chemical)

A

C6H12O6+6O2—>6CO2+ 6H2O

78
Q

Aerobic respiration equation (word)

A

glucose+oxygen—>carbon dioxide+water+energy

79
Q

Is glycogen soluble

A

No it’s insoluble

80
Q

What glucose is glycogen made from

A

A-glucose (alpha)

81
Q

What bonds join glycogen together

A

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

82
Q

What structure does glycogen have

A

branched structure

83
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

Process of adding water

84
Q

What is hydrolase

A

breaking down water

85
Q

What can enzymes break down easier branched or spiral structure

A

Branched as there is a higher SA:V ratio

86
Q

Where is Cellulose found

A

In plants

87
Q

What’s cellulose’s function

A

Structural polysaccharide

88
Q

What glucose is Cellulose made from

A

B-glucose (beta)

89
Q

What bonds join Cellulose together

A

1,4 glycosidic bond

90
Q

What bond links adjacent chains

A

Hydrogen bond

91
Q

Is Cellulose permeable or impermeable

A

It’s completely permeable

92
Q

What elements are Lipids made from

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
93
Q

Where are lipids found

A
  • Wax
  • Oils
  • Fats
94
Q

Are lipids soluble or insoluble in water

A

Insoluble

95
Q

What are lipids good sources for

A

Energy (38kJ/g)

96
Q

Are lipids good or bad conductors of heat

A

Bad

97
Q

What are most fats and oils (lipid type)

A

Triglycerides

98
Q

What are the 5 types of nucleic acids

A
  • DNA
  • RNA
  • tRNA
  • mRNA
  • rRNA
99
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

100
Q

What does RNA stand for

A

RiboNucleic Acid

101
Q

What does tRNA stand for

A

transfer RNA

102
Q

What does mRNA stand for

A

Messenger RNA

103
Q

What does rRNA stand for

A

Ribosomal RNA

104
Q

What are the 4 types of Ribase’s

A
  • RNA
  • tRNA
  • mRNA
  • rRNA
105
Q

What is DNA’s role

A

Protein synthesis

DNA replication

106
Q

What is RNA’s role

A

transcription/ translation

107
Q

What is tRNA and mRNA’s role

A

protein synthesis

108
Q

What is rRNA’s role

A

Protein synthesis

109
Q

What does the rectangle represent in a nucleic acid structure

A

Nitrogenous base

110
Q

What does the pentagon represent in a nucleic acid structure

A

pentose sugar

111
Q

What does the circle represent in the nucleic acid structure

A

Phosphate group

112
Q

What bonds join together a nucleic acid

A

Phosphodiester bond

113
Q

What are the 5 bases

A
  • A
  • G
  • T
  • C
  • U
114
Q

What are the DNA bases

A
  • A
  • G
  • T
  • C
115
Q

What is the RNA base

A

-U

116
Q

What does base A stand for

A

Adenine

117
Q

What does base T stand for

A

Thymine

118
Q

What does base G stand for

A

Guanine

119
Q

What does base C stand for

A

Cytosine

120
Q

What does base U stand for

A

Uracil

121
Q

What are the 2 Purine bases

A
  • A

- G

122
Q

What are the 3 pyrimidine bases

A
  • T
  • C
  • U
123
Q

How can you tell if a base is a Purine

A

It has 2 pentagons

124
Q

What does A bind with for DNA

A

-T

125
Q

What does T bind with for DNA

A

-A

126
Q

What does G bind with for DNA

A

-C

127
Q

What does C bind with for DNA

A

-G

128
Q

What does C bind with for RNA

A

-G

129
Q

What does G bind with for RNA

A

-C

130
Q

What does A bind with for RNA

A

-U

131
Q

What does U bind with for RNA

A

-A

132
Q

Why is there no T in RNA

A

T won’t survive the cytoplasm’s conditions

133
Q

What would happen to T in the cytoplasm

A

It would break down

134
Q

What does a Purine bond to

A

A perimidine

135
Q

How many H bonds does A (U or T) form

A

2`

136
Q

How many H bonds does G - C form

A

3

137
Q

How many strands are there in RNA

A

1

138
Q

How are nucleotides formed

A

By a condensation reaction

139
Q

Where do bonds occur

A

at carbon 3 and 5

140
Q

How base pairs make up 1 turn

A

10 base pairs

141
Q

How long is 10 base pairs

A

3.4 nm long

142
Q

What do Histones do

A

Hold DNA strands together

143
Q

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids

A
  • DNA

- RNA

144
Q

What elements do nucleic acids contain

A
  • Carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
  • phosphorus
145
Q

What 3 components is an individual nucleotide made up of

A
  • Pentose monosaccharide
  • Phosphate group
  • nitrogenous base
146
Q

What is the simple term for a pentose monosaccharide

A

sugar

147
Q

How many carbon atoms does a pentose monosaccharide have

A

5

148
Q

What are the properties of a phosphate group in a nucleic acid

A
  • Inorganic
  • acidic
  • negatively charged
149
Q

What are the properties of a nitrogenous base in a nucleic acid

A
  • complex organic molecule
  • 1 or 2 carbon rings
  • nitrogen
150
Q

What reaction links the nucleotides together

A

Condensation reaction

151
Q

Where is the covalent bond formed on the pentose sugar

A

(5’)

152
Q

What does the covalent bond on 5’ of the pentose sugar bond with

A

Hydroxyl (OH)

153
Q

Where is the Hydroxyl group found on the nucleic acid

A

5’ and (3’ of the adjacent nucleotide)

154
Q

What are the bonds called that link sugars, bases and phosphate groups in a nucleic acid

A

Phosphodiester bonds

155
Q

How are phosphodiester bonds broken

A

hydrolysis

156
Q

What is the reverse of a condensation reaction

A

Hydrolysis

157
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

158
Q

What is the sugar found in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

159
Q

What is a deoxyribose

A

a sugar with one fewer O2 atoms than ribose

160
Q

What bond holds the 2 strands of the double helix together

A

Hydrogen bonds

161
Q

Where do the hydrogen bonds hold the double helix together

A

between the bases

162
Q

How are the 2 strands in the double helix arranged

A

Anti-parallel (run in opposite directions)

163
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do adenine and thymine form

A

2

164
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do guanine and cytosine form

A

3

165
Q

What does the sequence of bases along a DNA strand carry

A

The genetic information of an organism

166
Q

What form does the genetic information take place as

A

Code

167
Q

What does RNA stand for

A

Ribonucleic acid

168
Q

What essential role does RNA play

A

Transfer of genetic information

169
Q

Where does the transfer of genetic information come from and go to

A

Comes from DNA and goes to the proteins

170
Q

What do proteins make up

A

Enzymes and tissues of the body

171
Q

As DNA can’t leave the nucleus how does the genetic information leave the nucleus

A

mRNA

172
Q

What is the polymer RNA composed of

A

many nucleotide monomers

173
Q

How are RNA and DNA nucleotides different

A
  • The pentose sugar is ribose rather than deoxyribose

- thymine base is replaced with uracil

174
Q

which bond and how many of them does uracil form with adenine

A

2 hydrogen bonds

175
Q

How do RNA nucleotides form polymers

A

formation of phosphodiester bonds in condensation reactions

176
Q

What happens when the RNA reaches the cytoplasm

A
  • RNA molecules are degraded
  • phosphodiester bonds are hydrolysed
  • RNA nucleotides are released and reused
177
Q

When a cell prepares to divide, what happens to the DNA double helix

A

It separates

178
Q

Why does DNA need to replicate

A
  • Cell division

- reproduction

179
Q

Why is DNA needed for cell division

A

new cells need new DNA for growth and tissues repair

180
Q

Why is DNA needed for reproduction

A

gametes requires DNA to pass on genetic information

181
Q

What is the first step of Semi-Conservative replication

A

H+ bonds between the bases are broken

182
Q

What is the second step of Semi-Conservative replication

A

Double helix structure unwinds

183
Q

What is the third step of Semi-Conservative replication

A

Free nucleotides join the unpaired bases

184
Q

What is the fourth step of Semi-Conservative replication

A

H+ bonds form

185
Q

What is the fifth step of Semi-Conservative replication

A

Phosphodiester bonds form between nucleotides

186
Q

What does DNA helicase do

A

Breaks H+ bonds and unwinds molecule

187
Q

What does DNA polymerase do

A

forms phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides

188
Q

How many strands does mRNA have

A

1 strand

189
Q

Does mRNA contain deoxyribose or ribose

A

Ribose

190
Q

Which bases does mRNA contain

A

A, G, C, U

A level Biology Year 1 (11 decks)

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