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A level Biology Year 1 > Module 3 chapter 8 > Flashcards

Module 3 chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What side of the heart is the tricuspid valve

A

Right side

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2
Q

What side of the heart is the bicuspid valve on

A

Left side

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3
Q

What does defibrillation do

A

resets the heart so it beats to its own rhythm by its natural pace makers

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4
Q

What is tachycardia

A

Resting heart rate over 100 bpm

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5
Q

What is bradycardia

A

Resting heart rate below 60 bpm

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6
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

pressure of your blood in vessels when your heart beats

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7
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

pressure of your blood in vessels between heart beats

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8
Q

What do purkinje fibres do

A

coordinate the electrical signal that causes rhythmic and synchronised contractions of the atria and ventricles

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9
Q

What does the SAN do

A

Stimulates the electrical impulse causing the contraction of the heart

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10
Q

Where is the SAN located

A

In the right atrium

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11
Q

What does the bundle of His do

A

regulates the heartbeat from the right atrium to the left and right ventricles.

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12
Q

What does the wave of depolarisation do

A

changes the charge from - to + creating an impulse

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13
Q

What is cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

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14
Q

What is stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per beat

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15
Q

What is heart rate

A

The number of contractions per minute

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16
Q

What’s the relative size of the aorta

A

2.5cm in diameter

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17
Q

What’s the relative size of a medium size artery

A

0.4cm in diameter

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18
Q

What’s the relative size of an arteriole

A

30 micrometers in diameter

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19
Q

What’s the relative size of a large vein

A

> 1cm

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20
Q

What’s the relative size of a medium sized vein

A

<1cm

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21
Q

What’s the relative size of a venuole

A

0.1 mm

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22
Q

What 3 ways are capillaries adapted to their role

A
  • Large surface area
  • High resistance
  • single endothelial cell thick
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23
Q

How is a capillary having a large surface area useful

A

Makes diffusion of substances into and out of the blood

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24
Q

How is the capillaries having a high resistance useful

A

Movement of blood through the capillaries gives more time for diffusion

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25
Q

How is the capillaries being 1 cell thick useful

A

Makes diffusion easier

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26
Q

What are the 3 return mechanisms in the vein to help return blood

A
  • Valves
  • skeletal pump
  • respiratory pump
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27
Q

How do the valves aid in the return of the blood

A

only allow blood to travel in one direction to it’s constantly moving towards the heart

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28
Q

How does the skeletal pump help return the blood to the heart

A

The muscles contract squeezing the veins forcing the blood towards the heart

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29
Q

How does the respiratory pump aid in the return of blood to the heart

A

chest acts as a pump, changing the pressure by squeezing causing the blood in the veins to move towards the heart

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30
Q

What are the different types of circulatory systems

A

Open—> molluscs
Arthropods
Closed—> single
double

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31
Q

What animal has a molluscs system

A

Snails, clams

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32
Q

What animal has a Arthropods system

A

insects

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33
Q

What animal has a single system

A

fish

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34
Q

What animal has a double system

A

humans

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35
Q

2 advantages of a single circulation system

A
  • Less energy to function

- don’t maintain own body temperature

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36
Q

2 disadvantages of a single circulation system

A
  • less efficient
  • 2 sets of capillaries
  • low BP
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37
Q

2 advantages of a double circulatory system

A
  • 2 separate circulations (deO2, O2)
  • 1 capillary network
  • high pressure
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38
Q

1 disadvantages of a double circulatory system

A

lot of energy to function

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39
Q

What are the 5 types of blood vessels

A
  • Artery’s
  • arterioles
  • capillary’s
  • venules
  • veins
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40
Q

What are the 3 components of blood vessels

A
  • Elastic fibres
  • smooth muscle
  • collagen
41
Q

Why does the blood vessel have elastic fibres

A

provides vessel with flexibility

42
Q

Why does the blood vessel have Smooth muscle

A

Controls lumen size

43
Q

Why does the blood vessel have Collagen

A

Structural support

44
Q

What is the hyrdostatic pressure at the arteriole end of the capillary

A

4.3kPa

45
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure created by a fluid pushing against the container that’s within

46
Q

What is tissue fluid

A

Blood plasma

47
Q

What is MRS GREN an acronym for

A
  • Movement
  • Respiration
  • Sensitivity
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Excretion
  • Nutrition
48
Q

Is there high or low hyrdostatic pressure at the arteriole

A

High

49
Q

Is there high or low hyrdostatic pressure at the venuole

A

Low

50
Q

Is there high or low oncotic pressure at the arteriole

A

Low

51
Q

Is there high or low oncotic pressure at the venuole

A

High

52
Q

What’s the AVNs function

A

To pass the impulse to the bundle of His

53
Q

Does the AVN delay the impulse from the SAN

A

Yes slightly

54
Q

Why does the AVN delay the impulse

A

To make sure the ventricles contract after the atria have emptied

55
Q

What does it mean if the cardiac muscle is myogenic

A

it can contract and relax without receiving signals from nerves

56
Q

What are the cells in the cardiac muscle connected by

A

Cytoplasmic bridges

57
Q

What do cytoplasmic bridges do

A

Allows electrical impulses to pass through

58
Q

What is the diastole stage

A

Atria and ventricles fill up

59
Q

What is the Atrial systole stage

A

Atria contract and empty blood into the ventricle

60
Q

What is the ventricular systole stage

A

Ventricles contract

61
Q

How long does atrial systole last

A

0.1 seconds

62
Q

How long does ventricular systole last

A

0.3 seconds

63
Q

What happens when the cells in the heart change and become depolarized

A

It causes them to contract

64
Q

What are the 2 nodes in the heart

A

AVN (atro-ventricular node)

SAN (sino-artial node)

65
Q

At rest are the nodes in the heart polarized or depolarized

A

Polarised

66
Q

Where does the positive charge build up in the heart

A

Inside of the node

67
Q

Where does the negative charge build up

A

On the outside

68
Q

What causes the build up of the positive and negative charges

A

Build up of ions

69
Q

What does T represent on the electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

repolarization of the ventricles (ventricular diastole)

70
Q

What does the P wave represent on the ECG

A

Contraction of atria (Depolarisation)

71
Q

What does the QRS complex represent on the ECG

A

Contraction of the ventricles (depolarisation)

72
Q

What does Depolarisation mean

A

Contraction

73
Q

What does Repolarisation mean

A

Relaxation

74
Q

How can you diagnose tachycardia on a ECG

A

The graph spikes frequently

75
Q

How can you diagnose Bradycardia on a ECG

A

Large spaces in the spikes of the ECG

76
Q

How can you diagnose Ectopic heart beat on a ECG

A

Extra beat followed by longer than normal gap before the next beat

77
Q

How can you diagnose Atrial fibrillation on a ECG

A

abnormal irregular rhythm from atria, ventricles lose regular rhythm

78
Q

How long does single heartbeat last

A

0.8 seconds

79
Q

What is the structure of arteries

A

Thick
muscular
elastic
small lumen

80
Q

What is the structure of veins

A

Large lumen
small muscle or elastic tissue
valves

81
Q

What is the structure of capillaries

A

one cell thick

82
Q

What is the function of arteries

A

Transport blood away from the heart

83
Q

What is the function of veins

A

Transport blood towards the heart

84
Q

What is the function of capillaries

A

Allows substances to diffuse from the blood stream

85
Q

What is the structure of arterioles

A

layer of smooth muscle

less elastic tissue

86
Q

What is the function of arterioles

A

Distribute blood to capillary beds

87
Q

What is the structure of venules

A

very thin walls

some muscle cell

88
Q

What is the function of venules

A

Return blood from capillary beds to larger blood vessels

89
Q

What is Lymph

A

Colourless fluid containing white blood cells

90
Q

Where is lymph found

A

In the villi of the small intestine

91
Q

How is lymph fluid transported

A

The squeezing of our body muscles

92
Q

How is the fetal haemoglobin adapted to get O2

A

It has a higher affinity level for O2 than an adult

93
Q

transporting CO2 step 1

What percentage of CO2 diffuses into RBC’s

A

95%

94
Q

transporting CO2 step 2

10-20% binds to what to form what

A

Binds to Hb forming carb-amino-haemoglobin (Hb-CO2)

95
Q

transporting CO2 step 3

75-85% converted to ____ by what

A

H2CO3 by carbonic anhydrase

96
Q

transporting CO2 step 4

H2CO3 dissociates into what

A

H+ and HCO3-

97
Q

transporting CO2 step 5a

What is the H+ removed by

A

Buffers especially Hb

98
Q

transporting CO2 step 5b

What moves out of the RBC

A

HCO3-

99
Q

What is HCO3 exchanged for

A

Cl-

A level Biology Year 1 (11 decks)

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