Module 3 chapter 8 Flashcards
What side of the heart is the tricuspid valve
Right side
What side of the heart is the bicuspid valve on
Left side
What does defibrillation do
resets the heart so it beats to its own rhythm by its natural pace makers
What is tachycardia
Resting heart rate over 100 bpm
What is bradycardia
Resting heart rate below 60 bpm
What is systolic pressure
pressure of your blood in vessels when your heart beats
What is diastolic pressure
pressure of your blood in vessels between heart beats
What do purkinje fibres do
coordinate the electrical signal that causes rhythmic and synchronised contractions of the atria and ventricles
What does the SAN do
Stimulates the electrical impulse causing the contraction of the heart
Where is the SAN located
In the right atrium
What does the bundle of His do
regulates the heartbeat from the right atrium to the left and right ventricles.
What does the wave of depolarisation do
changes the charge from - to + creating an impulse
What is cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute
What is stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per beat
What is heart rate
The number of contractions per minute
What’s the relative size of the aorta
2.5cm in diameter
What’s the relative size of a medium size artery
0.4cm in diameter
What’s the relative size of an arteriole
30 micrometers in diameter
What’s the relative size of a large vein
> 1cm
What’s the relative size of a medium sized vein
<1cm
What’s the relative size of a venuole
0.1 mm
What 3 ways are capillaries adapted to their role
- Large surface area
- High resistance
- single endothelial cell thick
How is a capillary having a large surface area useful
Makes diffusion of substances into and out of the blood
How is the capillaries having a high resistance useful
Movement of blood through the capillaries gives more time for diffusion
How is the capillaries being 1 cell thick useful
Makes diffusion easier
What are the 3 return mechanisms in the vein to help return blood
- Valves
- skeletal pump
- respiratory pump
How do the valves aid in the return of the blood
only allow blood to travel in one direction to it’s constantly moving towards the heart
How does the skeletal pump help return the blood to the heart
The muscles contract squeezing the veins forcing the blood towards the heart
How does the respiratory pump aid in the return of blood to the heart
chest acts as a pump, changing the pressure by squeezing causing the blood in the veins to move towards the heart
What are the different types of circulatory systems
Open—> molluscs
Arthropods
Closed—> single
double
What animal has a molluscs system
Snails, clams
What animal has a Arthropods system
insects
What animal has a single system
fish
What animal has a double system
humans
2 advantages of a single circulation system
- Less energy to function
- don’t maintain own body temperature
2 disadvantages of a single circulation system
- less efficient
- 2 sets of capillaries
- low BP
2 advantages of a double circulatory system
- 2 separate circulations (deO2, O2)
- 1 capillary network
- high pressure
1 disadvantages of a double circulatory system
lot of energy to function
What are the 5 types of blood vessels
- Artery’s
- arterioles
- capillary’s
- venules
- veins
What are the 3 components of blood vessels
- Elastic fibres
- smooth muscle
- collagen
Why does the blood vessel have elastic fibres
provides vessel with flexibility
Why does the blood vessel have Smooth muscle
Controls lumen size
Why does the blood vessel have Collagen
Structural support
What is the hyrdostatic pressure at the arteriole end of the capillary
4.3kPa
What is hydrostatic pressure
Pressure created by a fluid pushing against the container that’s within
What is tissue fluid
Blood plasma
What is MRS GREN an acronym for
- Movement
- Respiration
- Sensitivity
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Excretion
- Nutrition
Is there high or low hyrdostatic pressure at the arteriole
High
Is there high or low hyrdostatic pressure at the venuole
Low
Is there high or low oncotic pressure at the arteriole
Low
Is there high or low oncotic pressure at the venuole
High
What’s the AVNs function
To pass the impulse to the bundle of His
Does the AVN delay the impulse from the SAN
Yes slightly
Why does the AVN delay the impulse
To make sure the ventricles contract after the atria have emptied
What does it mean if the cardiac muscle is myogenic
it can contract and relax without receiving signals from nerves
What are the cells in the cardiac muscle connected by
Cytoplasmic bridges
What do cytoplasmic bridges do
Allows electrical impulses to pass through
What is the diastole stage
Atria and ventricles fill up
What is the Atrial systole stage
Atria contract and empty blood into the ventricle
What is the ventricular systole stage
Ventricles contract
How long does atrial systole last
0.1 seconds
How long does ventricular systole last
0.3 seconds
What happens when the cells in the heart change and become depolarized
It causes them to contract
What are the 2 nodes in the heart
AVN (atro-ventricular node)
SAN (sino-artial node)
At rest are the nodes in the heart polarized or depolarized
Polarised
Where does the positive charge build up in the heart
Inside of the node
Where does the negative charge build up
On the outside
What causes the build up of the positive and negative charges
Build up of ions
What does T represent on the electrocardiogram (ECG)
repolarization of the ventricles (ventricular diastole)
What does the P wave represent on the ECG
Contraction of atria (Depolarisation)
What does the QRS complex represent on the ECG
Contraction of the ventricles (depolarisation)
What does Depolarisation mean
Contraction
What does Repolarisation mean
Relaxation
How can you diagnose tachycardia on a ECG
The graph spikes frequently
How can you diagnose Bradycardia on a ECG
Large spaces in the spikes of the ECG
How can you diagnose Ectopic heart beat on a ECG
Extra beat followed by longer than normal gap before the next beat
How can you diagnose Atrial fibrillation on a ECG
abnormal irregular rhythm from atria, ventricles lose regular rhythm
How long does single heartbeat last
0.8 seconds
What is the structure of arteries
Thick
muscular
elastic
small lumen
What is the structure of veins
Large lumen
small muscle or elastic tissue
valves
What is the structure of capillaries
one cell thick
What is the function of arteries
Transport blood away from the heart
What is the function of veins
Transport blood towards the heart
What is the function of capillaries
Allows substances to diffuse from the blood stream
What is the structure of arterioles
layer of smooth muscle
less elastic tissue
What is the function of arterioles
Distribute blood to capillary beds
What is the structure of venules
very thin walls
some muscle cell
What is the function of venules
Return blood from capillary beds to larger blood vessels
What is Lymph
Colourless fluid containing white blood cells
Where is lymph found
In the villi of the small intestine
How is lymph fluid transported
The squeezing of our body muscles
How is the fetal haemoglobin adapted to get O2
It has a higher affinity level for O2 than an adult
transporting CO2 step 1
What percentage of CO2 diffuses into RBC’s
95%
transporting CO2 step 2
10-20% binds to what to form what
Binds to Hb forming carb-amino-haemoglobin (Hb-CO2)
transporting CO2 step 3
75-85% converted to ____ by what
H2CO3 by carbonic anhydrase
transporting CO2 step 4
H2CO3 dissociates into what
H+ and HCO3-
transporting CO2 step 5a
What is the H+ removed by
Buffers especially Hb
transporting CO2 step 5b
What moves out of the RBC
HCO3-
What is HCO3 exchanged for
Cl-
