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A level Biology Year 1 > Module 4 chapter 10 > Flashcards

Module 4 chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Order Linnaeus’s System of Classification from top to bottom

A
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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2
Q

What are the 3 reasons to classify organisms

A
  • To identify species
  • To predict characteristics
  • To find evolutionary links
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3
Q

What are the 3 domains

A
  • Eukarya
  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
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4
Q

What type of ribosomes do Eukarya have5

A

80s ribosomes

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5
Q

How many proteins do Eukarya’s RNA polymerase contain

A

12

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6
Q

What type of ribosomes do Archaea have

A

70s ribosomes

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7
Q

Between how many proteins do Archaea’s RNA polymerase contain

A

8-10 proteins

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8
Q

What type of ribosome does bacteria contain

A

70s

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9
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms

A
  • Prokaryotae
  • Protoctista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
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10
Q

Example of a prokaryotae

A

Bacteria

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11
Q

Example of a Protoctista

A

The unicellular eukaryotes

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12
Q

Example of a Fungi

A

Yeasts, moulds, and mushrooms

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13
Q

Example of a Plantae

A

Plants

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14
Q

Example of a Animalia

A

Animals

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15
Q

How were organisms originally classified into kingdoms

A

based on similarities in their observable features

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16
Q

Is a prokaryotae unicellular or multicellular

A

Multicellular

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17
Q

Does a prokaryotae have membrane bound organelles or nucleus

A

No

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18
Q

How is a prokaryotae’s DNA layed out

A

A naked ring of DNA

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19
Q

Does a prokaryotae have small or large ribosomes

A

Small

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20
Q

How does a prokaryotae get it’s nutrients

A
  • Absorbed through cell wall

- Produced internally through photosynthesis

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21
Q

Is a protoctista unicellular or multicellular

A

Mainly unicellular

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22
Q

Does a protoctista have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

A

Yes

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23
Q

Does a protoctista have chloroplasts

A

Sometimes

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24
Q

How do Protoctista move

A

By cilia flagella or by amoeboid mechanisms

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25
Q

Can all Protoctista move

A

No some are sessile

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26
Q

How does a Protoctista get nutrients

A

photosynthesis

ingestion of other organisms

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27
Q

Are Protoctista parasitic

A

Some are

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28
Q

Are fungi multicellular or unicellular

A

Both

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29
Q

Does fungi have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

A

Yes

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30
Q

What is fungi’s cell wall composed of

A

mainly Chitin

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31
Q

Does Fungi have chloroplasts or chlorophyll

A

Neither

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32
Q

Does fungi have a mechanism for locomotion

A

No

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33
Q

What are most of fungi’s bodies made from

A

mycelium made of threads or hyphae

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34
Q

How do fungi acquire nutrients

A

by absorption

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35
Q

What material do fungi acquire nutrients from

A

Decaying material

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36
Q

What type of feeders are fungi

A

Saprophytic feeders

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37
Q

How do fungi store their food

A

Glycogen

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38
Q

How many species of Plantae are there

A

250,000

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39
Q

Is Plantae multi or unicellular

A

Multicellular

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40
Q

What organelles are in a Plantae

A

Nucleus
chloroplasts
cell wall

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41
Q

What is a plantae’s cell wall made from

A

Cellulose

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42
Q

Do plantae contain chlorophyll

A

Yes all of them

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43
Q

Do plantae move

A

Not all of them

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44
Q

How do Plantae move

A

Gametes of some plants move using cilia or flagella

45
Q

How do Plantae get their nutrients

A

Photosynthesis

46
Q

What type of feeders are plantae

A

Autotrophic

47
Q

What does it mean to be an Autotrophic feeder

A

You make your own food

48
Q

How do Plantae store food

A

As starch

49
Q

How many species of Animalia are there

A

Over 1 million

50
Q

Are animalia multi or unicellular organisms

A

Multicellular

51
Q

What organelles does a Animalia have

A

Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

52
Q

Does an Animalia have chloroplasts

A

No

53
Q

How do Animalia move

A
  • Cilia
  • flagella
  • contractile proteins
  • muscular organs
54
Q

How do Animalia acquire nutrients

A

Ingestion

55
Q

What type of feeders are Animalia

A

Heterotrophic

56
Q

How do animalia store food

A

As glycogen

57
Q

What is the humans Domain

A

Eukarya

58
Q

What is the humans Kingdom

A

Animalia

59
Q

What is the humans Phylum

A

Chordata

60
Q

What is the humans Class

A

Mammalia

61
Q

What is the humans Order

A

Primates

62
Q

What is the humans Family

A

Hominidae

63
Q

What is the humans Genus

A

Homo

64
Q

What is the humans Species

A

Sapiens

65
Q

What is a Phylogenetic tree

A

diagram used to represent the evolutionary relationships between organisms

66
Q

What is Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary relationships between organisms

67
Q

What does Phylogenetics do

A

Reveals which group a particular organism is related to and how closely related they are

68
Q

What do Phylogenetic trees show

A

that different species have evolved from a common ancestor

69
Q

What is found at the base of a Phylogenetic tree

A

The earliest species

70
Q

What is found at the tips of a Phylogenetic tree

A

The most recent species

71
Q

How are Phylogenetic trees produced

A

By looking at similarities and differences in species’

72
Q

What similarities and differences do scientists look at in a Phylogenetic tree

A

Physical characteristics

genetic make up

73
Q

Where do scientists get most of their evidence for evolution from

A

Fossils

74
Q

What can Phylogeny be done without

A

Reference to Linnaean classification

75
Q

What does classification use knowledge of

A

Phylogeny

76
Q

What does classification use Phylogeny for

A

To confirm the classification groups are correct or causes them to be changed

77
Q

What is a negative of the Linnaean classification

A

Misleading as it implies different groups within the same rank are equivalent

78
Q

What is an advantage of Phylogeny

A

Produces a continuous tree whereas classification requires discrete taxonomical groups

79
Q

Why is having a continuous tree in Phylogeny an advantage

A

scientists are not forced to put organisms into a specific group that they don’t fit into

80
Q

What is natural selection

A

Where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

81
Q

What is survival of the fittest

A

the continued existence of organisms which are best adapted to their environment

82
Q

Who was Charles Darwin

A

He was credited with formulating the theory of evolution

83
Q

What island did Charles Darwin visit in 1835

A

Galapagos Islands

84
Q

What’s so special about the Galapagos Islands

A

They contain wild life and plant species that can’t be found anywhere else

85
Q

What did Charles notice about the Finches on the Galapagos Islands

A

They were similar thus be closely related but their beaks and claws were different shapes and sizes

86
Q

What did Darwin notice that the beak adaption was for

A

Foods available on each island

87
Q

What was the reason for controversy in Darwin theory

A

Religion

88
Q

What was the religious issue with Darwin’s theory

A

God created man in his own image which conflicts with humans evolving from apes

89
Q

How did Alfred Wallace start working with Darwin

A

Wallace sent his ideas for peer review and they were similar so they proposed evolution through join presentations

90
Q

When do fossils form

A

When animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks

91
Q

Which fossils appear before each other plant or animal

A

Plant

92
Q

Why do plant fossils appear before animal fossils

A

Because animals require plants to survive

93
Q

What do fossils allow relationships between to be investigated

A

Extinct and living organisms

94
Q

What can scientists tell by studying the anatomy of fossil organisms

A

How closely related organisms have evolved from the same ancestor

95
Q

Why is the fossil record not complete

A

many organisms are soft bodied therefore decomposed and not fossilised/ the conditions aren’t right

96
Q

What is comparative anatomy

A

the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different living species

97
Q

What is a homologous structure

A

A structure that appears superficially different in different organisms but the same underlying structure

98
Q

What is an example of a homologous structure

A

pentadactyl limb of vertebrates

99
Q

What functions are vertebrate limbs used for

A
  • running
  • jumping
  • flying
100
Q

What is an explanation of why vertebrate limbs are all similar

A

They’ve evolved from the same ancestor therefore evolved from the same structure

101
Q

What is biochemistry

A

study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules that control life

102
Q

In evolution what are the 2 most common studied molecules

A

Cytochrome c, a protein

103
Q

What is the Cytochrome c, a protein involved in

A

respiration and ribosomal RNA

104
Q

What are changes that do not affect a molecules function called

A

‘neutral’

105
Q

Why are changes to molecules that don’t affect a molecules function called neutral

A

They have no effect on function

106
Q

Looking at molecules how do you tell if 2 species are related

A

The molecular sequence of a particular molecule is compared

107
Q

How can scientists estimate the point at which the 2 species last shared a common ancestor

A

The number of differences that exist are plotted against the rate the molecule undergoes neutral base pair substitutions

108
Q

What 2 things are used to determine relationships between ancient species

A
  • fossil information

- Ribosomal RNA

A level Biology Year 1 (11 decks)

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