Module 4 chapter 10 Flashcards
Order Linnaeus’s System of Classification from top to bottom
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
What are the 3 reasons to classify organisms
- To identify species
- To predict characteristics
- To find evolutionary links
What are the 3 domains
- Eukarya
- Archaea
- Bacteria
What type of ribosomes do Eukarya have5
80s ribosomes
How many proteins do Eukarya’s RNA polymerase contain
12
What type of ribosomes do Archaea have
70s ribosomes
Between how many proteins do Archaea’s RNA polymerase contain
8-10 proteins
What type of ribosome does bacteria contain
70s
What are the 5 kingdoms
- Prokaryotae
- Protoctista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
Example of a prokaryotae
Bacteria
Example of a Protoctista
The unicellular eukaryotes
Example of a Fungi
Yeasts, moulds, and mushrooms
Example of a Plantae
Plants
Example of a Animalia
Animals
How were organisms originally classified into kingdoms
based on similarities in their observable features
Is a prokaryotae unicellular or multicellular
Multicellular
Does a prokaryotae have membrane bound organelles or nucleus
No
How is a prokaryotae’s DNA layed out
A naked ring of DNA
Does a prokaryotae have small or large ribosomes
Small
How does a prokaryotae get it’s nutrients
- Absorbed through cell wall
- Produced internally through photosynthesis
Is a protoctista unicellular or multicellular
Mainly unicellular
Does a protoctista have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Yes
Does a protoctista have chloroplasts
Sometimes
How do Protoctista move
By cilia flagella or by amoeboid mechanisms
Can all Protoctista move
No some are sessile
How does a Protoctista get nutrients
photosynthesis
ingestion of other organisms
Are Protoctista parasitic
Some are
Are fungi multicellular or unicellular
Both
Does fungi have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Yes
What is fungi’s cell wall composed of
mainly Chitin
Does Fungi have chloroplasts or chlorophyll
Neither
Does fungi have a mechanism for locomotion
No
What are most of fungi’s bodies made from
mycelium made of threads or hyphae
How do fungi acquire nutrients
by absorption
What material do fungi acquire nutrients from
Decaying material
What type of feeders are fungi
Saprophytic feeders
How do fungi store their food
Glycogen
How many species of Plantae are there
250,000
Is Plantae multi or unicellular
Multicellular
What organelles are in a Plantae
Nucleus
chloroplasts
cell wall
What is a plantae’s cell wall made from
Cellulose
Do plantae contain chlorophyll
Yes all of them
Do plantae move
Not all of them
How do Plantae move
Gametes of some plants move using cilia or flagella
How do Plantae get their nutrients
Photosynthesis
What type of feeders are plantae
Autotrophic
What does it mean to be an Autotrophic feeder
You make your own food
How do Plantae store food
As starch
How many species of Animalia are there
Over 1 million
Are animalia multi or unicellular organisms
Multicellular
What organelles does a Animalia have
Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Does an Animalia have chloroplasts
No
How do Animalia move
- Cilia
- flagella
- contractile proteins
- muscular organs
How do Animalia acquire nutrients
Ingestion
What type of feeders are Animalia
Heterotrophic
How do animalia store food
As glycogen
What is the humans Domain
Eukarya
What is the humans Kingdom
Animalia
What is the humans Phylum
Chordata
What is the humans Class
Mammalia
What is the humans Order
Primates
What is the humans Family
Hominidae
What is the humans Genus
Homo
What is the humans Species
Sapiens
What is a Phylogenetic tree
diagram used to represent the evolutionary relationships between organisms
What is Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationships between organisms
What does Phylogenetics do
Reveals which group a particular organism is related to and how closely related they are
What do Phylogenetic trees show
that different species have evolved from a common ancestor
What is found at the base of a Phylogenetic tree
The earliest species
What is found at the tips of a Phylogenetic tree
The most recent species
How are Phylogenetic trees produced
By looking at similarities and differences in species’
What similarities and differences do scientists look at in a Phylogenetic tree
Physical characteristics
genetic make up
Where do scientists get most of their evidence for evolution from
Fossils
What can Phylogeny be done without
Reference to Linnaean classification
What does classification use knowledge of
Phylogeny
What does classification use Phylogeny for
To confirm the classification groups are correct or causes them to be changed
What is a negative of the Linnaean classification
Misleading as it implies different groups within the same rank are equivalent
What is an advantage of Phylogeny
Produces a continuous tree whereas classification requires discrete taxonomical groups
Why is having a continuous tree in Phylogeny an advantage
scientists are not forced to put organisms into a specific group that they don’t fit into
What is natural selection
Where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
What is survival of the fittest
the continued existence of organisms which are best adapted to their environment
Who was Charles Darwin
He was credited with formulating the theory of evolution
What island did Charles Darwin visit in 1835
Galapagos Islands
What’s so special about the Galapagos Islands
They contain wild life and plant species that can’t be found anywhere else
What did Charles notice about the Finches on the Galapagos Islands
They were similar thus be closely related but their beaks and claws were different shapes and sizes
What did Darwin notice that the beak adaption was for
Foods available on each island
What was the reason for controversy in Darwin theory
Religion
What was the religious issue with Darwin’s theory
God created man in his own image which conflicts with humans evolving from apes
How did Alfred Wallace start working with Darwin
Wallace sent his ideas for peer review and they were similar so they proposed evolution through join presentations
When do fossils form
When animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks
Which fossils appear before each other plant or animal
Plant
Why do plant fossils appear before animal fossils
Because animals require plants to survive
What do fossils allow relationships between to be investigated
Extinct and living organisms
What can scientists tell by studying the anatomy of fossil organisms
How closely related organisms have evolved from the same ancestor
Why is the fossil record not complete
many organisms are soft bodied therefore decomposed and not fossilised/ the conditions aren’t right
What is comparative anatomy
the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different living species
What is a homologous structure
A structure that appears superficially different in different organisms but the same underlying structure
What is an example of a homologous structure
pentadactyl limb of vertebrates
What functions are vertebrate limbs used for
- running
- jumping
- flying
What is an explanation of why vertebrate limbs are all similar
They’ve evolved from the same ancestor therefore evolved from the same structure
What is biochemistry
study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules that control life
In evolution what are the 2 most common studied molecules
Cytochrome c, a protein
What is the Cytochrome c, a protein involved in
respiration and ribosomal RNA
What are changes that do not affect a molecules function called
‘neutral’
Why are changes to molecules that don’t affect a molecules function called neutral
They have no effect on function
Looking at molecules how do you tell if 2 species are related
The molecular sequence of a particular molecule is compared
How can scientists estimate the point at which the 2 species last shared a common ancestor
The number of differences that exist are plotted against the rate the molecule undergoes neutral base pair substitutions
What 2 things are used to determine relationships between ancient species
- fossil information
- Ribosomal RNA
