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A level Biology Year 1 > Module 2 chapter 4 > Flashcards

Module 2 chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the term anabolic refer to

A

A chemical reaction required for growth

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of inhibitors

A
  • Competitive
  • Non-competitive
  • End products
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3
Q

What does the inhibitor end product do

A

Binds to the enzyme halting the reaction

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4
Q

What are reactions catalysed by

A

Enzymes

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5
Q

What type of protein is an enzyme

A

Globular

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6
Q

What do enzymes interact with that causes them to react

A

Substrate molecules

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7
Q

What do substrate molecules allow the globular protein to do

A

Increases reaction rate without the need for harsh environmental conditions

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8
Q

What type of chemical reaction is required for growth

A

Anabolic reaction

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9
Q

What is energy released from

A

large organic molecules

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10
Q

What is an example of a large organic molecule

A

Glucose

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11
Q

Where is energy from glucose released

A

Metabolic pathways

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12
Q

What type of reactions occur in a metabolic pathway

A

Catabolic reactions

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13
Q

What is a anabolic process

A

Building up

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14
Q

What is a catabolic process

A

Breaking down

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15
Q

Where are the large organic molecules obtained from

A

Digestion of food

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16
Q

What energy molecule is bigger than glucose

A

Starch

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17
Q

Do reactions ever happen in isolation

A

rarely

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18
Q

What is metabolism

A

Sum of all of the different reactions and reaction pathways happening in the organism

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19
Q

What factors affect the rate of chemical reactions

A

Temperature pressure and pH

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20
Q

What is the optimum rate of reaction called for enzymes

A

V max

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21
Q

What happens to the speed of the molecule when high temperatures and pressures are applied

A

Speed of the molecules will increase

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22
Q

What happens to the collision rate when the molecules increase in speed

A

More successful collisions and overall rate of reaction

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23
Q

What does the term specificity of the enzyme mean

A

the enzyme will only collide with the matching substrate

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24
Q

What is activation energy

A

Energy needed for the reaction to occur

25
Q

What if the activation energy is to high

A

reaction doesn’t occur under normal conditions

26
Q

What do enzymes do

A

Decrease the activation energy required

27
Q

What is formed when the substrate is bound to the active site

A

Enzyme-substrate complex

28
Q

How are the products formed from the enzyme

A

Substrates react with the enzyme

29
Q

What is it called when substrates react and products are formed

A

enzyme-product complex

30
Q

The enzyme holds the substrate in a specific way which allows what do happen

A

the right atom groups are close enough to react

31
Q

What do the R-groups in the active site do

A

interact with the substrate forming temporary bonds

32
Q

What does the induced-fit hypothesis state

A

The active site of the enzyme changes slightly as the substrate enters

33
Q

What is the induced-fit hypothesis a modified version of

A

Lock and key hypothesis

34
Q

How strong is the initial interaction between the enzyme and substrate

A

relatively weak

35
Q

What do the weak interactions rapidly induce

A

changes in the enzymes tertiary structure

36
Q

Where are intra-cellular enzymes found

A

Inside the cells

37
Q

What is hydrogen peroxide a product of

A

many metabolic pathways

38
Q

What enzyme breaks hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water

A

catalase

39
Q

Which types of tissue is catalase found

A
  • Animal

- Plant

40
Q

What do all reactions happening within cells need

A

Substrates

41
Q

Why do reactions inside cells need substrates

A

to make products needed by the organism

42
Q

why do these substrates (raw materials) need to be constantly supplied to cells

A

to keep up with the demand

43
Q

How do enzymes effect activation energy

A

They lower it

44
Q

Name an enzyme produced in the salivary glands

A

Salivary amylase

45
Q

Name an enzyme produced in the pancreas

A

trypsin and chymotrypsin

46
Q

What does trypsin and chymotrypsin do

A

Helps break down protein

47
Q

Where is trypsin and chymotrypsin found

A

In the

48
Q

What 4 factors effect enzyme activity

A
  • pH
  • Temperature
  • Enzyme concentration
  • Substrate concentration
49
Q

What factors would effect the shape of the enzyme

A

Temperature

pH

50
Q

What factors would effect the chances of a collision between enzymes and substrate

A
  • pH
  • Temperature
  • Enzyme concentration
  • Substrate concentration
51
Q

What is the molecule that can interfere with the action of the enzyme

A

Inhibitor

52
Q

What are the 2 types of inhibitors

A

Irreversible and reversible

53
Q

What do inhibitors do

A

They reduce the compatibility of the substrate to the enzyme substrate complexs’

54
Q

What does reducing the compatibility of the substrate do to the reaction rate in enzymes

A

Prevents catalyzation of reactions, decreasing the amount of product produced by a reaction

55
Q

What type of enzymes do reversible inhibitors attach to

A

enzymes with non-covalent interactions

56
Q

Give examples of non-covalent interactions

A
  • H+ bonds
  • hydrophobic interactions
  • ionic bonds
57
Q

What bonding type will a irreversible inhibitor bind to the enzyme using

A

Covalent bond

58
Q

What do the multiple weak bonds between the inhibitor and active site do

A

They combine to produce strong and specific bonds

A level Biology Year 1 (11 decks)

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