Module 2 chapter 4 Flashcards
What does the term anabolic refer to
A chemical reaction required for growth
What are the 3 types of inhibitors
- Competitive
- Non-competitive
- End products
What does the inhibitor end product do
Binds to the enzyme halting the reaction
What are reactions catalysed by
Enzymes
What type of protein is an enzyme
Globular
What do enzymes interact with that causes them to react
Substrate molecules
What do substrate molecules allow the globular protein to do
Increases reaction rate without the need for harsh environmental conditions
What type of chemical reaction is required for growth
Anabolic reaction
What is energy released from
large organic molecules
What is an example of a large organic molecule
Glucose
Where is energy from glucose released
Metabolic pathways
What type of reactions occur in a metabolic pathway
Catabolic reactions
What is a anabolic process
Building up
What is a catabolic process
Breaking down
Where are the large organic molecules obtained from
Digestion of food
What energy molecule is bigger than glucose
Starch
Do reactions ever happen in isolation
rarely
What is metabolism
Sum of all of the different reactions and reaction pathways happening in the organism
What factors affect the rate of chemical reactions
Temperature pressure and pH
What is the optimum rate of reaction called for enzymes
V max
What happens to the speed of the molecule when high temperatures and pressures are applied
Speed of the molecules will increase
What happens to the collision rate when the molecules increase in speed
More successful collisions and overall rate of reaction
What does the term specificity of the enzyme mean
the enzyme will only collide with the matching substrate
What is activation energy
Energy needed for the reaction to occur
What if the activation energy is to high
reaction doesn’t occur under normal conditions
What do enzymes do
Decrease the activation energy required
What is formed when the substrate is bound to the active site
Enzyme-substrate complex
How are the products formed from the enzyme
Substrates react with the enzyme
What is it called when substrates react and products are formed
enzyme-product complex
The enzyme holds the substrate in a specific way which allows what do happen
the right atom groups are close enough to react
What do the R-groups in the active site do
interact with the substrate forming temporary bonds
What does the induced-fit hypothesis state
The active site of the enzyme changes slightly as the substrate enters
What is the induced-fit hypothesis a modified version of
Lock and key hypothesis
How strong is the initial interaction between the enzyme and substrate
relatively weak
What do the weak interactions rapidly induce
changes in the enzymes tertiary structure
Where are intra-cellular enzymes found
Inside the cells
What is hydrogen peroxide a product of
many metabolic pathways
What enzyme breaks hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water
catalase
Which types of tissue is catalase found
- Animal
- Plant
What do all reactions happening within cells need
Substrates
Why do reactions inside cells need substrates
to make products needed by the organism
why do these substrates (raw materials) need to be constantly supplied to cells
to keep up with the demand
How do enzymes effect activation energy
They lower it
Name an enzyme produced in the salivary glands
Salivary amylase
Name an enzyme produced in the pancreas
trypsin and chymotrypsin
What does trypsin and chymotrypsin do
Helps break down protein
Where is trypsin and chymotrypsin found
In the
What 4 factors effect enzyme activity
- pH
- Temperature
- Enzyme concentration
- Substrate concentration
What factors would effect the shape of the enzyme
Temperature
pH
What factors would effect the chances of a collision between enzymes and substrate
- pH
- Temperature
- Enzyme concentration
- Substrate concentration
What is the molecule that can interfere with the action of the enzyme
Inhibitor
What are the 2 types of inhibitors
Irreversible and reversible
What do inhibitors do
They reduce the compatibility of the substrate to the enzyme substrate complexs’
What does reducing the compatibility of the substrate do to the reaction rate in enzymes
Prevents catalyzation of reactions, decreasing the amount of product produced by a reaction
What type of enzymes do reversible inhibitors attach to
enzymes with non-covalent interactions
Give examples of non-covalent interactions
- H+ bonds
- hydrophobic interactions
- ionic bonds
What bonding type will a irreversible inhibitor bind to the enzyme using
Covalent bond
What do the multiple weak bonds between the inhibitor and active site do
They combine to produce strong and specific bonds
