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A level Biology Year 1 > Module 3 chapter 9 > Flashcards

Module 3 chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of plants

A
  • Monocotyledons

- Dicotyledons

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2
Q

What is an example of a Monocotyledon

A

Corn

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3
Q

What is an example of a Dicotyledon

A

Pea peanut

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4
Q

What makes a plant a monocotyledon

A

If their petals are a multiple of 3

Makes seeds that contain 1 cotyledon

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5
Q

What makes a plant a Dicotyledon

A

2 cotyledons

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6
Q

What is the waters role in plants

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Transports mineral ions
  • Keeps plant cool when H2O is lost by evaporation
  • Turgidity
  • solvent
  • reactions
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7
Q

What is the equation of respiration

A

Glucose+oxygen–>water+energy+carbon dioxide

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8
Q

What are plants who have a specialized transport systems known as

A

Vascular plants

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9
Q

What does the Xylem transport

A

Water + dissolved substances

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10
Q

What does the Phloem transport

A

Sugars + hormones + water

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11
Q

What is the amino acid structure

A 
H
             ¦
NH2 -- C = COOH
             ¦
        R group
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12
Q

What minerals do plants exchange and transport

A
  • Water
  • Inorganic ions
  • Organic minerals
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13
Q

What are the 2 transport systems in plants

A
  • Transpiration system

- Translocation system

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14
Q

What type of Transport system is passive

A

Transpiration

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15
Q

What type of Transport system is Active

A

Translocation

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16
Q

Which type of transport system doesn’t require energy

A

Transpiration system

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17
Q

Where is H2O taken up by the plant

A

Root hair cell

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18
Q

What has a higher Water potential the root hair cell or the soil

A

Soil

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19
Q

What is the casparian strip’s function

A

Prevents H2O from moving along the cell wall and forces it into the symplast

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20
Q

What is the symplast

A

the inner part of the cell

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21
Q

Is it quicker for H2O to diffuse through the cell wall or the symplast

A

Cell wall

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22
Q

Why is it quicker for H2O to diffuse through the cell wall

A

In the symplast it has organelles which slow down the movement of H2O as they require substances

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23
Q

Which factors causes an increase in transpiration rate

A
  • low humidity
  • windy day
  • light intensity
  • temperature
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24
Q

How does the plant cool its self down

A

By transpiration

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25
Q

What are the 6 different areas of a root

A
  • Epidermis
  • Cortex
  • Endodermis
  • casparian strip
  • pericycle
  • Xylem
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26
Q

What does the plasmodesmata allow

A

H2O to travel through the symplast

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27
Q

What is root pressure

A

Large influx of H2O through the roots

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28
Q

What do the pits in the lining of the Xylem vessel allow H2O to do

A

If there’s a bend in the plant it gives it an alternate root

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29
Q

What are the 3 reasons plants need transport system

A
  • metabolic demands
  • Size
  • SA:V ratio
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30
Q

What do the cells of the green parts make their own of

A
  • Glucose

- oxygen

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31
Q

How do plants make glucose and oxygen

A

Photosynthesis

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32
Q

How do the roots and internal parts of the plant get mineral ions and nutrients

A

They need O2 and glucose transported to them

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33
Q

How do the roots and internal parts remove waste products

A

use transportation system

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34
Q

Where do mineral ions need to be transported to

A

All cells

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35
Q

Why do mineral ions need to be transported to cells

A

To make proteins

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36
Q

Why does a plant need to make proteins

A

For enzymes and structure of the cell

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37
Q

Why do large plants need a transport system

A

To move substances up and down the plant

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38
Q

What area of the plant is adapted to have a large surface area to volume ratio

A

The leaves

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39
Q

Why do leaves need a large SA:V ratio

A

For gaseous exchange

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40
Q

What 3 areas of the plant have a low SA:V ratio

A
  • Stem
  • trunks
  • roots
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41
Q

What can’t the Stem, trunks and roots rely on

A

Diffusion to supply their cells

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42
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the Xylem

A
  • transport of water and mineral ions

- support

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43
Q

What is the direction flow of the xylem

A

From the roots to the shoots and leaves

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44
Q

What is the xylem made from

A

columns of cells fusing together end to end

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45
Q

What is the 2nd wall of the xylem lined with

A

Lignified secondary walls

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46
Q

What does the secondary wall of the xylem do

A

Provide extra mechanical strength

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47
Q

What does the secondary wall of the xylem not do

A

Transport water

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48
Q

What are the different ways lignin can be found in the xylem

A

rings
spirals
solid tubes

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49
Q

If the lignin is found in solid tubes in the xylem what feature will it have to allow water to move in and out

A

small undignified areas called border pits

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50
Q

What does the phloem do

A

transports the plants “food”

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51
Q

What is a plants “food” in the form of

A

Organic solutes

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52
Q

Where are the Organic solutes made

A

In the plants leaves

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53
Q

How are the Organic solutes made

A

Photosynthesis

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54
Q

What does the phloem supply the cells with

A

sugars and amino acids

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55
Q

What do the plants cells need sugars and amino acids for

A

Cellular respiration

synthesis of all other useful molecules

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56
Q

What direction can the flow of the phloem move in

A

Up and down the plant

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57
Q

What are the main transporting vessels of the phloem

A

Sieve tube elements

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58
Q

What are sieve tubes made out of

A

many cells joined end to end

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59
Q

What do sieve tubes form

A

Long hollow structures

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60
Q

Are the phloem tubes lignified

A

No

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61
Q

What happens in areas between the cells of the phloem

A

walls form sieve plates

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62
Q

What do sieve plates allow

A

The phloem contents flow through

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63
Q

Do mature phloem cells have a nucleus

A

NO

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64
Q

What’s linked to sieve tube elements

A

Companion cells

65
Q

What link the companion cells and sieve tube

A

Plasmodesmata

66
Q

What connects the symplast pathway

A

the plasmodesmata

67
Q

How does water move through the symplast

A

By osmosis

68
Q

How does the root hair cell having a high water potential than the next cell along help

A

water can diffuse in from the soil making the cytoplasm more dilute

69
Q

What happens when water leaves the root hair cell by osmosis

A

Water potential of cytoplasm falls again

70
Q

How does the water potential of the cytoplasm falling help maintain

A

it maintains a steep water potential gradient

71
Q

Where does water move through in the apoplast pathway

A

Cell walls and intercellular spaces

72
Q

What is the casparian strip

A

A band of waxy material

73
Q

Where is the casparian strip found

A

around each of the endodermal cells forming a waterproof layer

74
Q

What does the casparian strip do

A

Forces water from the 1 pathway into the symplast pathway

75
Q

What are the 5 factors affecting transpiration

A
  • Light intensity
  • relative humidity
  • Temperature
  • Air movement
  • Soil-water availability
76
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration

A

Opens up the stomata which increases the rate of water vapor diffusing out

77
Q

Does a higher or lower light intensity increase transpiration rate

A

Higher light intensity

78
Q

Does a higher or lower relative humidity increase transpiration rate

A

Lower relative humidity

79
Q

How does having a lower relative humidity increase transpiration rate

A

It increases the water vapour potential gradient between the inside of the leaf and the outside air

80
Q

Does a higher or lower temperature increase transpiration rate

A

Higher temperature increases transpiration rate

81
Q

How does temperature affect the kinetic energy inside the plant

A

increases kinetic energy of H2O molecules

82
Q

How does increasing the kinetic energy of the H2O molecules affect transpiration

A

increases evaporation from the spongy mesophyll cells into the air spaces of the leaf

83
Q

How does an increase in temperature affect the concentration of water vapor

A

It increases the concentration of water vapour that the external air can hold before it becomes saturated

84
Q

How will dry soil affect transpiration

A

It’ll put the plant under water stress reducing the rate of transpiration

85
Q

How do the hairs on the leaf affect transpiration

A

water that diffuses out of the leaf accumulates in the hairs

86
Q

What happens to the water vapour potential gradient when the water vapour accumulates around the hairs

A

It increases around the stomata

87
Q

How will still air affect transpiration

A

Reduce transpiration

88
Q

What is the main way the plant controls transpiration rate

A

Opening and closing of stomatal pores

89
Q

What happens to the guard cell when the turgor is low

A

the asymmetric configuration of the guard cell wall closes the pores

90
Q

How does the guard cell pump its solutes when in “good” conditions

A

by active transport

91
Q

What happens to the guard cells turgor when being pumped by active transport

A

increases their turgor

92
Q

What prevents the cells from swelling in width

A

Cellulose hoops

93
Q

What causes the guard cell to being bean shaped

A

The inner wall is less flexible than the outer wall

94
Q

What can trigger turgor loss from the guard cell

A

Hormonal signals from the roots

95
Q

What happens to the guard cell when there is turgor loss

A

The pores close

96
Q

Why do the pores close when there is turgor loss

A

To conserve water

97
Q

What does a plant need for respiration

A

glucose

98
Q

What is glucose converted into for transport

A

sucrose

99
Q

What 3 things could happen to sucrose when it reaches the cells

A
  • converted back into glucose for respiration
  • converted into starch for storage
  • any other cellular functions
100
Q

What is translocation

A

transport organic compounds in phloem from sources to sink

101
Q

Is translocation an active or passive movement

A

Active (requires energy)

102
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis that are transported known as

A

assimilates

103
Q

What is the main assimilate

A

sucrose

104
Q

What is the percentage of sucrose in the cell sap

A

0.5%

105
Q

What is the percentage of sucrose in the phloem sap content

A

20-30%

106
Q

What are the 3 main sinks in a plant

A
  • Growing roots
  • meristems that are actively dividing
  • any part that is laying down food sources
107
Q

What are the main sources of assimilates in a plant

A
  • green leaves and stems
  • food stores in seeds
  • storage organs
108
Q

2 examples of storage organs

A

tubers and tap roots

109
Q

How much sucrose can a large tree transport down its trunk

A

250 KG

110
Q

What speeds do substances get transported around in a large tree

A

0.15-7m/Hour

111
Q

By what process do soluble products from photosynthesis move into the phloem

A

an active process

112
Q

What makes sucrose more efficient than glucose

A

it isn’t used in metabolism as much so isn’t going to be used by during transportation

113
Q

What are the 2 ways assimilates are loaded into the plant phloem

A
  • symplast route (largely passive)

- Apoplast route (Active)

114
Q

Where do the assimilates travel in the apoplast route

A
  • Through the cell walls

- Inner cell spaces of companion cells

115
Q

How is sucrose moved into the cytoplasm from the companion cells

A

across the cell membrane in an active process

116
Q

Where are H+ ions pumped out of (plants)

A

companion cell

117
Q

Where are the H+ ions pumped into from the companion cell

A

surrounding tissue

118
Q

What molecule is used to pump the H+ ions from the companion cell to the surrounding tissue

A

ATP

119
Q

How do the H+ ions return to the companion cell

A

Via the co-transporter protein

120
Q

What molecule is co-transported with the H+ ion

A

Sucrose

121
Q

Why is co-transporting sucrose with H+ ions important

A

Increases the sucrose concentration

122
Q

Where does the sucrose concentration increase via the co-transporter

A
  • companion cell
  • sieve elements
  • plasmodesmata
123
Q

Due to the increase in sucrose in the companion cell and sieve tube element what also moves in

A

Water by osmosis

124
Q

Water moving into cells leads to a build up of what

A

Turgor pressure

125
Q

What causes the turgor pressure increase in the cells apart from water

A

The rigid cell walls

126
Q

What does solute accumulation in the source phloem lead to

A

An increase in turgor pressure

127
Q

What does the increase in turgor pressure in the phloem force

A

forces sap to regions of lower pressure in the sinks

128
Q

What pressure does the phloem create

A

2MPa

129
Q

When does phloem unloading occur

A

Anytime it’s needed

130
Q

By what process does phloem unloading occur

A

Diffusion

131
Q

What does sucrose turn into when unloading

A

Glucose

132
Q

Why does sucrose turn into glucose when going through phloem unloading

A

To maintain the sucrose concentration gradient

133
Q

What does a loss of solutes from the phloem lead to

A

rise in the water potential of the phloem

134
Q

What happens to some of the water that carried the solute into the sink

A

Drawn into the transpiration stream in the xylem

135
Q

Looking at evidence of translocation

How can we tell by mitochondria

A

If the mitochondria cell is poisoned translocation stops

136
Q

Looking at evidence of translocation

How can we tell by microscopes

A

allows us to see adaptations of the companion cells for active transport

137
Q

Looking at evidence of translocation

How can we tell by the flow of sugars

A

The flow of sugars is 10,000x faster than it would be by diffusion

138
Q

What does the flow of sugars being 10,000x faster suggest

A

active process is driving the mass flow

139
Q

Do all solutes move at the same rate in the phloem

A

No

140
Q

Does sucrose move at the same rate in the phloem

A

Yes

141
Q

What affects how fast a substance moves through the phloem

A

the concentration at the sink

142
Q

What is a negative of having a large SA:V ratio

A

increases the risk of water loss by transpiration

143
Q

What are the 3 adaptations of a plant to conserve water

A
  • Waxy cuticle
  • Stomata
  • roots
144
Q

How does the waxy cuticle conserve water

A

reduces transpiration from the leafs surfaces

145
Q

Where are the stomata mainly found

A

The underside of the leaf

146
Q

How do the stomata conserve water

A

open and close to prevent the loss of water vapour

147
Q

How do the roots conserve water

A

Grow down to the water in the soil

148
Q

What are plants that live in places with low water availability called

A

Xerophytes

Xero-phytes

149
Q

3 examples of xerophytes

A
  • Conifers
  • marram grass
  • cacti
150
Q

Where is marram grass found

A

sand dunes

coastal areas

151
Q

What other types of conditions can xerophytes live in

A

very cold and icy conditions

152
Q

What are the 8 adaptations of xerophytes to help conserve water

A
  • Thick waxy cuticle
  • sunken stomata
  • reduced stomata
  • reduced leaves
  • hairy leaves
  • curled leaves
  • succulents
  • leaf loss
153
Q

What percentage of water loss is through the waxy cuticle

A

up to 10%

154
Q

What does having a thick waxy cuticle help with

A

Reduced water loss

155
Q

What type of plants commonly have a thick waxy cuticle

A

evergreen plants

156
Q

Where do xerophytes have their sunken stomata

A

In the pits

157
Q

How does having your stomata located in the pits help conserve water

A
  • reduces air movement

- produces micro-climate of still humid air

158
Q

What does a micro-climate do

A

reduces the water vapour potential gradient and transpiration

159
Q

What plants are micro-climates found

A

xerophytes

A level Biology Year 1 (11 decks)

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