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Introduction to Operating Systems and Becoming a Power User > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the OS know how to organize files?

A

File system

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2
Q

What is used to keep track of files and file storage on a disk?

A

Filesystem

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3
Q

what needs to have a file system added to it?

A

a new disk or any type of storage device

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4
Q

what file system is used for Windows?

A

NTFS

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5
Q

What file system is used for Linux?

A

ext4

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6
Q

if you have a usb that is NTFS formatted, can both Windows and Ubuntu write to it?

A

yes.

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7
Q

if you have an ext4 formatted USB drive, can you use it on Windows and Ubuntu?

A

no. Only Ubuntu, unless you have 3rd party tools helping you.

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8
Q

what happens if you need a USB drive for multiple Operating systems? Windows, Linux, and MacOS.

A

You must reformat your USB drive so that it has a system that is compatible with all of them.

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9
Q

What is wiping the USB drive called?

A

reformatting it

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10
Q

What OS does FAT32 work on?

A

Windows, Linux, Mac. All three major OS.

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11
Q

what is the max file size for Fat32?

A

4GB

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12
Q

What is the max file system size for fat32?

A

32GB max file system size

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13
Q

what is Fat32 good for?

A

small usb drive, compatible across multiple systems.

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14
Q

Who made fat32?

A

microsoft

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15
Q

in fat32, what does fat stand for?

A

file allocation table

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16
Q

what determines characteristics of files like allowed length, characters allowed, file size?

A

File system

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17
Q

where are the details about allowed files stored?

A

the metadata, on a separate block on the device. also stores a directory.

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18
Q

What is a file broken down into in many situations?

A

multiple sections scattered across a hard drive.

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19
Q

what keeps track of the scattered sections of files?

A

a file management system, FAT is an example.

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20
Q

how many characters does the FAT file system support up to, ideally?

A

8

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21
Q

what should a FAT file name always begin with?

A

alphanumeric character

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22
Q

what is the advanced version of the FAT file system?

A

FAT32

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23
Q

Who is FAT32 targeted at?

A

Users using Windows 2000 and older.

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24
Q

What device size is suitable with FAT32?

A

512 megabytes to 2 tb

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25
Q

how does FAT32 make disk utilization more effective?

A

it can access files more rapidly across different storage devices.

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26
Q

What file system was presented first with Windows XP?

A

NTFS

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27
Q

What file system can you convert your system to if you have FAT32?

A

NTFS, but backwards won’t work.

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28
Q

what file system for Windows doesn’t have a case-sensitive file name system?

A

NTFS

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29
Q

What is APFS?

A

The apple file system.

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30
Q

When was APFS developed?

A

2016

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31
Q

what devices is apfs supported on?

A

only Apple devices.

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32
Q

What file system was invented by the cupertino based company 1998?

A

HFS+

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33
Q

What file system replaced the hierarchical file system that used to be used by Apple computers?

A

HFS+

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34
Q

what character limits did hfs+ support?

A

255

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35
Q

what is the name of the file system before FAT32?

A

FAT16.

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36
Q

What form does FAT32 store information?

A

clusters

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37
Q

what is a unit that occupies a specified space on a disk called?

A

cluster

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38
Q

who developed FAT32?

A

Microsoft and Caldera

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39
Q

what did FAT32 upgrade?

A

increased file sizes, large partitions

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40
Q

what scheme did file systems follow that could fetch data from the directory stored on the disk, back in 1995

A

CHS schem

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41
Q

What is LBA, which Windows 95 introduced to hold the directory outside of the disk?

A

Logical Block Allocation

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42
Q

what does the FAT32 file system create an entry for?

A

each file in the system that comprises 32 bits

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43
Q

what allows for the creation of large disk partitions while still retaining high read/write speeds? FAT32. Also valuable for keeping track of additional file information, like icon size and color schemes.

A

it makes an entry for each file size of 32 bits rather than 16.

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44
Q

what can FAT32 represent clusters with without affecting allocation?

A

32 bit numbers

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45
Q

what are 28 bits of cluster-representing numbers reserved for in FAT32?

A

cluster number, making it suitable to store millions of files of the same type without sacrificing stability.

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46
Q

What is the only file system that can work natively with MS-DOS, Windows, and MacOS simultaneously?

A

FAT32

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47
Q

What does the longer string of cluster numbers in FAT32 result in?

A

faster data recovery

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48
Q

what does FAT32 store files in?

A

fixed clusters along the drive, and makes a directory containing the necessary information.

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49
Q

what information does the directory contain for FAT32?

A

file address, end pointer, sector allocation type

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50
Q

How can the FAT32 file directory be accessed?

A

the boot sector of the OS, which lets the user access the file if they have some reference of its location. don’t need complete information if the partial information is unique to the file you want.

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51
Q

Why can a system with FAT32 find the file called video games rapidly?

A

it doesn’t need to scan the whole drive, only specific clusters, so it can fetch the address quickly and display it on the screen.

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52
Q

if you have many files with the same name on a FAT32 system, how can you filter to narrow your search?

A

file type, size.

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53
Q

What file transfer speed does FAT32 support?

A

up to 5 MB/s

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54
Q

What does each cluster in a FAT32 system have?

A

a specific address, end of file pointer, and an identifier that denotes the type of file stored.

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55
Q

when you need to access a file, what does your query go through for FAT32?

A

the directory holding the cluster information, to locate the desired clusters with their specific entries.

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56
Q

What size of drive can you create with a default FAT32 system?

A

16TB drive with 64 KB clusters.

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57
Q

Since the amount of clusters remains the same, what must you determine before formatting the drive with FAT32?

A

how much storage space you will need.

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58
Q

What is the minimum size partition I can format with FAT32?

A

32 MB partition

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59
Q

What is the range of file sizes supported by FAT32?

A

16 bytes to 4GB, with LFS.

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60
Q

How large can your stored files be with FAT32+?

A

256 GB

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61
Q

How can you exercise basic encryption with FAT32?

A

limiting access to the files as read-only or archived. For better security, use an external program to encrypt pen drives or partitions.

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62
Q

What is FAT32 used for?

A

format portable drives like SD cards and pen drives to run on Windows and macOS, dual boot, use on hybrid drives, store digital camera files and mid-range phones, format server drives for access from multiple OS.

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63
Q

What is the earliest year a device that supports FAT32 would have come out?

A

1993

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64
Q

why can you access sectors of the same drive from different OS with FAT32?

A

because the directory is stored away from the drive partition. Makes it good for VM.

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65
Q

When does storage efficiency fall for FAT32? what drives?

A

when you use drives above 32 GB. Ex: 6 TB hd formatted for FAT32 will only give you a usable space of 5.45 TB.

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66
Q

Does FAT32 have native file encryption?

A

no

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67
Q

Why are drives formatted with FAT32 susceptible to data fragmentation?

A

the clusters might shift their location through malware or data corruption, making it impossible to access them through the directory.

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68
Q

what is the maximum read/write speed of FAT32?

A

5 MB/s

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69
Q

When was NTFS first introduced?

A

1993, new unveiled 2012

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70
Q

what does NTFS stand for?

A

new technology file system

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71
Q

What does exFAT stand for?

A

extended File Allocation Table

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72
Q

When was exFAT first introduced?

A

2006

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73
Q

What is the native encryption on NTFS?

A

EFS, also supports BitLocker

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74
Q

What is the native encryption on exFAT?

A

none

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75
Q

what is the max accessing speed on NTFS?

A

25 MB/s

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76
Q

what is the minimum file size for NTFS and exFAT?

A

512 bytes

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77
Q

What is the max file size for my NTFS?

A

8PB

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78
Q

What is a storage disk divided into?

A

partitions

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79
Q

what is a piece of a disk that you can manage?

A

partition

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80
Q

What gives the illusion that you are dividing a disk into separate disks?

A

making partitions

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81
Q

what do you need to do to add a file system to a disk?

A

create a partition

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82
Q

How many partitions do you normally have for your OS?

A

one.

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83
Q

can you add different file systems on different partitions?

A

yes

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84
Q

what do partitions act as?

A

sub disks using the same physical disk

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85
Q

What happens when you format a filesystem on a partition?

A

it becomes a volume.

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86
Q

What tells the OS how the disk is partitioned? which partitions you can boot from, how much space is allocated to partition, etc.

A

Partition table

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87
Q

What are the two main partition schemes that are used?

A

MBR (Master Boot Record) and GPT (GUID Partition Table)

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88
Q

What decide how to structure the information on partitions?

A

the partition schemes

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89
Q

what is a traditional partition table? Mostly used in the Windows OS. 2TB max volume size, uses primary partitions, only lets you have 4 primary partitions, which you must, if you want more, make into extended partition, then logical partition. Slow, fading out.

A

MBR

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90
Q

What is the new standard for disks, volume size over 2TB, one type of partition, unlimited partitions.

A

GPT

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91
Q

what is the new default BIOS?

A

UEFI

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92
Q

what partition table must your system use to use UEFI?

A

GPT

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93
Q

What is the Windows native tool for Disk partitioning and Formatting a filesystem?

A

the disk management utility

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94
Q

How do you get to disk management?

A

right click “this pc”, manage, “Disk management” console under the storage grouping.

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95
Q

what will you see in the disk management console?

A

a display of the disks and disk partitions, along with information about what type of file system they’re formatted with. free and total capacity of disks and partitions,

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96
Q

What can show up as an additional disk for you to play with in disk management?

A

a USB you plug in, which the computer automatically gets drivers for using plug and play.

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97
Q

Where can you see how a disk is formatted?

A

in disk management console, under the Type column

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98
Q

how do you reformat a usb in disk management so it uses NTFS instead of FAT32?

A

right click the drive, format, choose the volume label or name you want to give the disk, specify the file system,

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99
Q

In disk management, in Format disk window, what is allocation unit size?

A

the block size that will be used when you format the partition in NTFS. The size of the chunks the partition will be chopped into. Data that needs to be saved will be spread out across those chunks. If you store lots of small files, you’ll waste less space with small block sizes. If you store large files, you’ll need to read less block to assemble the file if you store them in large blocks.

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100
Q

what option for Allocation unit size is usually good?

A

default

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101
Q

in the format disk window, what is a quick format vs a full format?

A

a full format is where Windows will scan the drive for errors or bad sectors.

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102
Q

in format disk, what happens with enabling file or folder compression?

A

your files and folders will take up less space on the disk, but compressed files will need to be expanded when you open them. Thus, the computer’s processor will need to do extra work.

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103
Q

what will Windows warn us about when we format a disk?

A

that formatting the volume will erase any data that might be on it.

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104
Q

what is the tool used to partition from the cli?

A

Diskpart

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105
Q

What is a terminal-based tool built for managing disks from the cli? command.exe

A

Diskpart

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106
Q

what is the command you run in command.exe to open Diskpart? opens another terminal window, where the prompt reads DISKPART

A

Diskpart

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107
Q

in Diskpart, how do you list the current disks in the system?

A

list disk

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108
Q

how do you know what disk you want to format in Diskpart?

A

look at the disk size, which if it is a usb, will be small.

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109
Q

how do you select the disk you want to work with in diskpart? select disk 1, the usb.

A

in the line, type:
select disk 1

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110
Q

what does the clean command do in Diskpart?

A

remove all partition or volume formatting from the disk

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111
Q

what command creates a partition in a wiped disk in Diskpart?

A

create partition primary

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112
Q

how do you select a partition in Diskpart? select the partition you made from create partition primary, partition 1.

A

select partition 1

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113
Q

how do you mark a partition as active in Diskpart?

A

type: active

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114
Q

What command formats a partitioned disk from Diskpart? Call it my_thumb_drive

A

format FS=NTFS label my_thumb_drive quick

quick is the format type. You can probably format alternatively.

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115
Q

what does disk partitioning enable?

A

more efficient management of hard disk space. Breaks or slices disk. allows each partition to be managed separately by reducing inefficient use of space.

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116
Q

What utility on Windows can manage partitions of hard disks including deleting, creating, merging, or expanding partitions and volumes? Can also be used to assign a file formatting system to a partition or volume

A

DiskPart

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117
Q

What are the three main divisions of storage on a drive?

A

cluster, volume, partition

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118
Q

What is the minimum amount of space a file can take up in a volume or drive?

A

cluster, allocation unit size

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119
Q

what is a single accessible storage area with a single file system, which can be across a single or multiple disks?

A

Volume

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120
Q

What is a logical division of a hard disk that can create unique spaces on a single drive? generally used for allowing multiple OS

A

Partition

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121
Q

DiskPart Commands

A

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qDFyYB5uYLranPk9pZBz0heq0B5hmroH/view

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122
Q

why is cluster size important?

A

a file will take up the entire size of the cluster, regardless of how much space it actually requires in the cluster.

ex: if the cluster size is 4kb, and the file is 4.1 KB, then you take up two clusters with it, and effectively lose 3.9 KB of space on the drive.

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123
Q

What should you base the specification of your cluster size on?

A

File sizes

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124
Q

What is a default cluster size based on?

A

the size of the partition

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125
Q

what can result in loss of usable storage space?

A

using partitions that are too big for your file sizes, or too small. Having too little overlap between clusters.

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126
Q

what is important to remember so you don’t accidentally lose data when formatting a drive?

A

actions here are permanent.

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127
Q

What is making something accessible to the computer, like a filesystem or a hard disk, called?

A

Mounting

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128
Q

What OS does mounting automatically?

A

Windows. You can plug and play.

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129
Q

What does ejecting a drive do?

A

unmount

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130
Q

how do you unmount a drive?

A

right click and select Eject.

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131
Q

what tool in linux supports mbr and gpt partitioning?

A

parted tool

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132
Q

what two modes can the parted tool be used in?

A

interactive and command line

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133
Q

what does interactive mean?

A

launched into a separate program from the cli, like with less command.

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134
Q

what command can we run in the command line to show what disks are connected to the computer?

A

sudo parted -l

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135
Q

where can you see the disk size in linux?

A

command: sudo parted -l
look to the second row down, and it’ll show you after Disk /dev/sda. This’ll show again later if you have other devices plugged in, like a usb. Look for model if you want to see where a new device description begins.

136
Q

in sudo parted -l, what does the number field correspond to?

A

the number of partitions on the disk

137
Q

if the disk is /dev/sda, and there are three partitions, what will the first partition correspond to?

A

/dev/sda1

138
Q

what is the start field in Disk Flags?

A

where the partition starts on the disk

139
Q

What does the size field show us in Disk Flags?

A

how large the partition size is

140
Q

What does the File system field show us in Disk Flags?

A

what file system is on the partition

141
Q

how do you run the interactive mode of parted? for the disk you want to work on, which is the thumb drive located in /dev/sdb

A

sudo parted /dev/sdb

142
Q

what command do you run to exit parted?

A

quit

143
Q

in parted, how do you see the disk you are working on’s details?

A

print

144
Q

if you have an unrecognized disk label, what do you need to do? linux.

A

set a disc label with the make label command.

145
Q

what is the format for the command in parted to make a label for the filesystem?

A

mklabel (filesystem)

146
Q

what tool do you use in parted to make partitions?

A

mkpart

147
Q

what information does the mkpart command need to have?

A

what type of partition we want to make, what file system we want to format, start of the disk, end of the disk.

148
Q

what is an example of the mkpart command in use? type of partition is primary, file system we want to format is ext4, start of disk is 1MiB, end of disk is 5GiB

A

mkpart primary ext4 1MiB 5GiB,,, essentially a 5 GiB partition, 5 gibibytes.

149
Q

what is the partition type meaninful for?

A

mbr partition tables

150
Q

what uses primary, extended, and logical partitions?

A

mbr

151
Q

if you are formatting using gpt, what should you use as the partition type?

A

just primary

152
Q

how many bytes per kibibyte?

A

1024

153
Q

how many bytes in a kilobyte?

A

1000

154
Q

what do we need to use when dealing with data storage?

A

precise measurements so we don’t waste storage space

155
Q

what is mkfs?

A

the command you use to format a partition.

156
Q

where do you use mkfs?

A

in the shell. Exit parted.ho

157
Q

how do you use mkfs to format the first partition in /dev/sdb, with the ext4 file system?

A

sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1

158
Q

what happens if you format the wrong disk?

A

you wipe it and have to potentially redownload your OS.

159
Q

what is the last step to get a usable disk in linux?

A

mount the file system to a directory so we can access it from the shell.

160
Q

what do we need to do to interact with a disk in linux?

A

mount it to the file directory.

161
Q

what happens if you just do
cd /dev/sdb
instead of mounting?

A

error, device is not a Directory.

162
Q

how do you pull up where a partition is?

A

sudo parted -l

163
Q

what do you have to do before you can mount a partition you have created?

A

make a directory to mount the disk onto.

164
Q

what is the command to mount partition from disk in /dev/sdb1 to the directory, my_usb, which is under root?

A

sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /my_usb/

165
Q

how can you write to and read from the new filesystem my_usb, which was just mounted the partition?

A

cd /my_usb/

166
Q

why do filesystems need to be mounted?

A

we need to tell the OS how to interact with the device.

167
Q

what does the umount command do?

A

unmount the filesystem

168
Q

how can I unmount /my_usb/ ? or sudo umount /dev/sdb1

A

sudo umount /my_usb/ or sudo umount /dev/sdb1

169
Q

when you shut down your computer, what happens to disks that were manually mounted?

A

they are unmounted.

170
Q

what should you do before you physically disconnect a drive?

A

unmount it

171
Q

what file system errors can occur if you don’t unmount a usb drive?

A

data loss, corruption.

172
Q

what happens to a mount point when we shut the computer off?

A

it disappears

173
Q

when would you permanently mount a disk?

A

if you need it to load up automatically when the computer boots

174
Q

what file do you modify to permanently mount a disk?

A

/etc/fstab

175
Q

what do you see in the /etc/fstab file?

A

a list of unique device Ids, their mount points, type of file system,

176
Q

what do you need to do so a computer adds a filesystem automatically when it boots?

A

add an entry for it in the /etc/fstab file

177
Q

what is the first entry you need to add for etc/fstab?

A

the uuid of the disk

178
Q

what command do you use to get the UUId of your disk/usb?

A

sudo blkid (sudo block id)

179
Q

what does sudo blkid do?

A

show us the UUID for block device ID’s, storage device ID.

180
Q

what is fstab?

A

file system table, a linux configuration table that helps simplify mounting and unmounting file systems in Linux.

181
Q

What do you call it when you mount a physical storage device to a location called a mount point in a file system table?

A

mounting

182
Q

what makes mounting efficient by offering the option to automate the mounting of partitions or file systems during the boot process?

A

fstab configuration file

183
Q

what allows for customized rules for mounting individual file systems?

A

fstab

184
Q

What are the parameters in the fstab configuration table? in 6 columns.

A

Device, Mount point, file system type, options, backup operation or dump, file system check (fsck) order or Pass.

185
Q

what in fstab is the universally unique identifier, UUID, or the name of the device to be mounted (/sda1, for example)

A

Device

186
Q

in fstab, what names the directory location for mounting the device

A

mount point

187
Q

in fstab, what are things like ext2, ext3, ext4, JFS, JFS2, VFAT, NTFS, ReiserFS, UDF, swap, and more examples of?

A

File system types

188
Q

in fstab, what is a list of mounting options in use, delimited by commas?

A

Options, column 4

189
Q

in fstab, what is an outdated method for making device or partition backups and command dumps? should not be used, and used to have a binary code.

A

backup operation or dump

190
Q

in backup operation or dump, in fstab, what did the binary code signify for 1 and 0?

A

0: turns of backups
1: turns on backups

191
Q

what is the order in which the mounted device should be checked by the fsck utility?

A

0: should not run a check on the file system
1: mounted device is the root file system and should be checked by the fsck command first
2: mounted device is a disk partition which should be checked by fsck comand after the root file system.

192
Q

fstab option that sets reading and writing to the file system to occur synchronously or asynchronously

A

sync or async

193
Q

what fstab option automatically mounts the file system when booting?

A

auto

194
Q

what fstab option prevents the file system from mounting automatically when booting?

A

noauto

195
Q

what fstab option allows or prohibits the use of the device driver to mount the device?

A

dev or nodev

196
Q

what fstab option allows or prevents file system binaries from executing?

A

exec or noexec

197
Q

what fstab option mounts file system as read only?

A

ro

198
Q

what fstab option mounts file system for read-write operations?

A

rw

199
Q

what fstab option allows any user to mount the filesystem but restricts which user can unmount the file system?

A

user

200
Q

what fstab option makes it so the root user is the only role that can mount the file system (default setting)

A

nouser

201
Q

what fstab option uses default settings, which include rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async?

A

defaults

202
Q

what command do you use in fstab table to format a drive?

A

fdisk

203
Q

what is the block device?

A

a storage device registered as a file in the /dev directory.

204
Q

What provides an interface between the system and the attached device for read/write purposes?

A

the device file

205
Q

what command do you use to find the list of block devices that are connected to the system?

A

lsblk

206
Q

what are the seven columns in the output from the lsblk command?

A

name, MAJ:MIN, RM, size, RO, TYPE, Mountpoint

207
Q

what lsblk column is the device names of the blocks? like sda, sda1, sdb, sdb1

A

NAME

208
Q

what lsblk command column shows the major and minor code numbers for the device?

A

maj:min

209
Q

what’s the driver type used for device communication?

A

the major number

210
Q

what major number means RAM?

A

1

211
Q

what major number means IDE hard drive?

A

3

212
Q

what major number means scsi hard drive?

A

8

213
Q

what major number means RAID metadisk?

A

9

214
Q

What is an ID number used by the device driver for the major number type?

A

The minor number

215
Q

what can the minor numbers for the first hard drive range from?

A

0 to 15

216
Q

what does the minor number 0 reperesent? for sda 8:0?

A

the physical drive for sda

217
Q

what does the minor number 1 represent? sda1 8:1

A

the first partition on the sda drive

218
Q

what can the range of represented numbers be for the second hard drive?

A

16-31

219
Q

what does the 16 minor number value for sdb represent for sdb 8:16?

A

physical hard drive of sdb

220
Q
A
220
Q

what would the minor number for a third hard drive range as?

A

32 to 47, and so on.

221
Q

What does RM indicate? 0 and 1?

A

if the device is,
0: not removable
1: removable

222
Q

What column in lbslk is the amount of storage available on the device?

A

Size

223
Q

what column in lbslk indicates file permissions?

A

RO, 0 is read write, and 1 is read only

224
Q

what column in lbslk lists the type of device?

A

Type. examples: disk=hard drive, part=disk partition

225
Q

what column in the ldslk indicates the location where the device is mounted. A blank entry in this column means it is not mounted?

A

Mountpoint

226
Q

what is an example of an editor you can use to open the fstab file?

A

gedit

227
Q

example fstab file:

A

/dev/sda1 / ext3 nouser 0 1
device, mount point, file system, options, dump, pass

228
Q

what is the first step when you want to add a new file system partition?

A

in the first column, add the new file system device name.

229
Q

what is the second step when you add a new file system partition?

A

in the second column, indicate the mount point for the new partition. Should be a directory that will be easy to find and identify if you are a user.
ex: /mnt/mystorage

230
Q

what is the third step when you add a new file system partition?

A

in the third column, enter the file system used on the new partition.
ex: ext4

231
Q

what is the fourth step when adding a new file system partition?

A

in the 4th column, enter any options you would like to use.
ex: default

232
Q

what is the 5th step when adding a new file system partition?

A

set the dump file to 0. Dump files are no longer configured in fstab, but the column still exists.

233
Q

what is the 6th step when adding a new file system partition?

A

in the 6th column, the pass value should be 2 because it is not the root file system and it is a best practice to run a file system check on boot. Reboot the computer and check the mystorage directory for the new partition

234
Q

What is how our OS provides the physical memory available in our computer, like RAM, to the applications that run on the computer?

A

Virtual memory

235
Q

how does virtual memory provide physical memory to applications on the computer?

A

by creating a mapping of virtual to physical addresses.

236
Q

what does a program not have to worry about due to virtual memory?

A

the portions of memory other programs use, where its data is in RAM.

237
Q

what gives us the ability to use more memory than we physically have installed?

A

virtual memory

238
Q

How does Virtual memory give us the ability to use more memory than we have installed?

A

dedicates an area of the hard drive to use a storage space for blocks of data called pages.

239
Q

What happens when a page of data isn’t being used by an application?

A

it gets evicted, which means it gets copied out of memory onto the hard drive.

240
Q

Where does the OS want to keep the most commonly accessed data packages? why?

A

RAM. accessing data on RAM is fast.

241
Q

where does the stuff that hasn’t been used for a while get put?

A

hard drive

242
Q

what program does the Windows OS use for virtual memory management scheme and paging mechanism? almost every OS has these, btw.

A

the memory manager

243
Q

what does the memory manager do?

A

maps virtual to physical memory for programs and manages paging.

244
Q

in windows, where are pages automatically saved to disks stored?

A

hidden file on the root partition of a volume called page file.sis

245
Q

Windows automatically creates ____ _____ and it uses the memory manager to ____ _____ of ______ to be read as needed

A

page files, copy pages, memory

246
Q

What does Windows provide as a way to modify the size, number, and location of paging files?

A

control panel applet called system properties, which you can get to by opening Control Panel

247
Q

what does Windows use to copy pages of memory to be read as needed?

A

memory manager

248
Q

system, advanced, settings, advanced, virtual memory, change

A

override the defaults Windows provides

249
Q

what should the minimum paging file size be for 64 bit Windows 7?

A

1x the amount of RAM in the machine

250
Q

What is a paging file?

A

a reserved space on your hard drive that Windows uses to store data from RAM that hasn’t been used recently, which frees RAM for active processes, potentially improving system performance.

251
Q

what are crucial for capturing system crash dumps, which are crucial for diagnosing system errors?

A

Pagin files

252
Q

why would I want to add or maintain page files?

A

to improve system performance

253
Q

what is an optional tool that uses hard drive space to supplement a RAM capacity?

A

paging file

254
Q

what offloads data from RAM that has not been used recently by the system?

A

paging file

255
Q

what is a system commit charge?

A

the total amount of virtual memory being promised to running processes on your system. both physical memory and any disk spcae reserved for paging files.

256
Q

what can be used for system crash dumps or to extend the system commit charge when the computer is in peak usage?

A

paging files

257
Q

when might paging files not be necessary?

A

in systems with a large amount of RAM

258
Q

what is generated when a system crashes?

A

a system crash dump

259
Q

what can be allocated to accept the memory.dmp?

A

page file

260
Q

what does a page file need to be large enough to do with crash dump?

A

accept the size of it so the system can generate the crash dump file

261
Q

what will the system do if it is configured to manage page dumps?

A

automatically size the page file based on the crash dump settings

262
Q

what are two common crash dump options?

A

small memory dump and complete memory dump

263
Q

what memory dump setting will save the minimum amount of info needed to troubleshoot a system crash? The paging file must have at least 2 MB of hard drive space allocated to it on the boot volume of the Windows system. It should also be configured to generate a new page file for each system crash to save a record of system problems.

A

Small memory dump

264
Q

Where is the Small memory dump stored?

A

This history is stored in the Small Dump Directory which is located in the %SystemRoot%\Minidump file path.

265
Q

how do you configure a small memory dump file?

A

run the cmd:
Wmic recoveros set DebugInfoType=3

266
Q

how can you configure the small memory dump option in the registry?

A
267
Q

what is the Windows Registry?

A

a hierarchical database that stores settings and configurations for your OS and applications

268
Q

what is a registry key?

A

a folder in the Windows Registry database. Organizes related settings

269
Q

what do registry subkeys store?

A

actual configuration data

270
Q

how can you navigate to the Windows Registry?

A

type regedit in search, and select registry Editor.

271
Q

what can you set to enable small memory dump in the registry?

A

Set the CrashDumpEnabled DWORD value to 3

272
Q

What command line do you use to set a folder as the Small Dump Directory?

A

Wmic recoverso set MiniDumpDirectory=<folderpath></folderpath>

273
Q

how can you set the directory folder option in the registry?

A

set the MinidumpDir Expandable String Value to <folderpath></folderpath>

274
Q

The option records the contents of system memory when the computer stops unexpectedly. This option isn’t available on computers that have 2 or more GB of RAM. If you select this option, you must have a paging file on the boot volume that is sufficient to hold all the physical RAM plus 1 MB. The file is stored as specified in %SystemRoot%\Memory.dmp by default.

A

Complete memory dump

275
Q

why does a complete memory dump require an extra MB?

A

Windows writes a header in addition to dumping the memory contents, which contains a crash dump signature and specifies the values of some kernel variables. the header info doesn’t require the full MB, but Windows seizes your paging file in increments of MB.

276
Q

what cmd utility do you use to configure a complete memory dump file?

A

wmic recoveros set DebugInfoType=1

277
Q

how do you configure complete memory dump in the registry?

A

set the CrashDumpEnabled DWORD value to 1

278
Q

how do you indicate that a system should not overwrite kernel memory dumps or other complete memory dumps?

A

wmic recoveros set OverwriteExistingDebugFile=0

279
Q

how do you set the overwrite setting in the registry?

A

set the Overwrite DWORD value to 0

280
Q

What do we call the total of RAM plus the amount of disk space reserved for paging files/

A

The system commit limit

281
Q

What must be equal to or less than the system commit limit?

A

the system commit charge

282
Q

what is the system commit limit less than if a page file is not in place?

A

the system’s RAM amount

283
Q

why the measurement guidelines for the system commit limit?

A

to prevent the system from overpromising available memory.

284
Q

what happens if system commit limit is exceede?

A

Windows or the applications in use could stop working right

285
Q

what do you assess for page files periodically to make sure there is enough space for the system peak needs?

A

amount of disk storage allocated to the page files

286
Q

what should you do if disk space is low?

A

consider adding RAM, hard drive storage, or offloading non-system files to network or cloud

287
Q

why might 128 GB for page files be a waste?

A

if the system only needs a small fraction of it.

288
Q

what can store modified pages that are not in use?

A

page files

289
Q

why are modified pages stored in page files?

A

to keep information easily accessible by the system without overburdening RAM.

290
Q

Where are modified pages to be stored on the hard drive recorded?

A

\Memory\Modified Page List Bytes directory

291
Q

What if the page file is not large enough?

A

some of the pages added to the Modified Page List Bytes might not be written to the page file.

292
Q

What happens if the pages added to the Modified Page List Bytes are not written to the page file?

A

the page file either needs to be expanded or additional page files should be added to system.

293
Q

When is the page file too small? assess if these are true:

A

\Memory\Available MBytes indicates more physical memory is needed
A significant amount of memory exists n the modified page list
\Paging Files(*)% Usage (existing page files) are almost full

294
Q

In linux, the dedicated area of the hard drive used for virtual memory

A

swap space

295
Q

what would you create swap space partitions on usually in practice?

A

main storage devices like hard drives and ssd

296
Q

where can you make swap space? what tool?

A

parted

297
Q

parted,
select the drive you want to work on
print (to see details)
mkpart primary linux-swap 5GiB 100%
quit (quit parted)
sudo mkswap /dev/sdb2
sudo swapon /dev/sdb2

A

make a swap partition, format the linux-swap file system on it.
100% indicates we should use the rest of the free space on our drive.
swap isn’t a file system. We need to specify that we need to make it swap space with the mkswap command.
and that does it to turn it into swap space. Now, just enable swap. with swapon

298
Q

what do pages go into?

A

swap, not file data.

299
Q

what command in linux enables swap?

A

swapon

300
Q

what command in linux makes swap?

A

mkswap (filepath)

301
Q

what do you do if you want to make the swap space mounted automatically?

A

add a swap entry tothe /etc/fstab file.

302
Q

what is used when the RAM is full in LInux?

A

swap space

303
Q

what can swap space in linux be?

A

a dedicated swap partition, a swap file, or a combination of swap partitions and swap files.

304
Q

what does not support swap space?

A

Btrfs

305
Q

https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/7/html/storage_administration_guide/ch-swapspace#ch-swapspace

A

table of recommended swap space

306
Q

when do attempts to modify swap fail?

A

if a system process or the kernel is using swap space. use the free and cat /proc/swaps commands to verify how much and where the swap space is in use.

307
Q

when should you modify swap space?

A

when the system is booted in rescue mode.

308
Q

when expanding swap space, what should you do?

A

first, turn swapoff.

309
Q

RedHat swap space info

A

https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/7/html/storage_administration_guide/ch-swapspace#swap-creating-lvm2

310
Q

what manages the actual file data, file metadata, and file systems?

A

OS

311
Q

what is file metadata?

A

information about a file, like owner, permissions, size, location on hard drive, etc

312
Q

what is the native file system format of Windows?

A

NTFS

313
Q

what does NTFS use to keep things straight?

A

master file table, MFT

314
Q

What does every file on a volume have in the MFT? Including the MFT itself.

A

at least one entry

315
Q

what corresponds with MFT record?

A

files

316
Q

when can there be more than one record to represent a file?

A

if it has multiple attributes

317
Q

what are file attributes?

A

name, creation timestamp, read only, compressed, location of data, etc.

318
Q

where are entries added when you create files on an NTFS file system?

A

MFT

319
Q

what happens when files get deleted? in the entries in the MFT

A

their entries in the MFT are marked as free so they can get reused.

320
Q

what is the index of the file’s entry in the MFT?

A

file record number

321
Q

what kind of file has an entry in the MFT, but it has a reference to some destination so that when you open it it takes you there.

A

shortcut

322
Q

how can you make a shortcut?

A

right click target file, create shortcut.

323
Q

what ways are provided by NTFS to access files other than shortcuts?

A

hard and symbolic links.

324
Q

what are like shortcuts at the file system level?

A

symbolic links

325
Q

what happens when you make a symbolic link?

A

you make an entry in the mft that points to the name of another entry or file.

326
Q

What is the difference between shortcut and symbolic links?

A

the operating system treats symbolic links like substitutes for the file they link to.

327
Q

what happens if you use a command line to open up a shortcut file?

A

it will have different information than the file it links to.

328
Q

what program in the command prompt can you use to make symbolic links?

A

mklink

329
Q

what does the command in cmd.exe,
mklink file_1_symlink file_1.txt
do?

A

makes a symbolic link to file_1.txt called file_1_symlink

330
Q

what happens if you make a symbolic link and open it in notepad?

A

it will open to show the contents of the original file.

331
Q

what happens when you create a hard link in NTFS?

A

an entry is added to the MFT that points to the linked file record number, not the name of the file. The file name of the target can change and the hard link will still point to it.

332
Q

what option is needed to create hard links/

A

/H

333
Q

what does the command
mklink /H file_1_hardlink file_1.txt
do?

A

makes a hard link for file_1 called file_1_hardlink

334
Q

what does a hard link point out?

A

the file record number, not the file name.

335
Q
A

Introduction to Operating Systems and Becoming a Power User (34 decks)

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