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Introduction to Operating Systems and Becoming a Power User > Module 1, day 2 > Flashcards

Module 1, day 2 Flashcards

windows: list directories in a Gui ->linux: changing directories in Bash

1
Q

files and folders

A

directories

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2
Q

What are organized in a hierarchical directory tree?

A

directories

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3
Q

in what type of directory organization do you have a main directory that branches off and holds other directories and files?

A

directory tree

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4
Q

What do you call the location of files and directories in a tree?

A

paths

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5
Q

What is C:\Users\Cindy\Desktop an example of?

A

a path

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6
Q

in Windows, what drive letters are file systems assigned to?

A

C, D, X

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7
Q

What are drive letters?

A

file systems

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8
Q

what are file systems used for?

A

keeping track of files on our computer?

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9
Q

What is the parent for all other directories in the file system?

A

Root directory

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10
Q

How would you write the root directory of C: and X:?

A

C:\, X:. Remember that it is back slash, not forward slash.

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11
Q

What are separated by backslashes?

A

Subdirectories in Windows.

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12
Q

What are separated by forward slashes?

A

Subdirectories in Linux

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13
Q

where does a path start?

A

the root directory of the drive

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14
Q

What is the main directory in a Windows system?

A

the drive that the file system is stored on

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15
Q

The path starts at where?

A

Local Disk (C:)

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16
Q

why are hidden files hidden?

A

we don’t want anyone to see or accidentally modify the files. could be critical system files or configs, or any files you want to hide.

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17
Q

how to see hidden files

A

go to the top of file explorer, click view, check the hidden items check box

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18
Q

what if you want to view information about a file?

A

right click and choose properties.

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19
Q

In file properties, where can you see the file name

A

in file properties, in the general tab

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20
Q

what is the size of the file in file properties?

A

the amount of data it takes up.

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21
Q

What is the size on disk?

A

the number of sectors the file occupies multiplied by sector size

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22
Q

in file properties, where can you see the type of file?

A

General Tab

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23
Q

in file properties, where can you see location path of the file

A

General Tab

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24
Q

in file properties, where can you see size of the file

A

General tab

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25
Q

In file properties, where can you see size on disk?

A

General tab

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26
Q

in file properties, where can you see timestamps of when the file was created, last modified, and last accessed?

A

General tab

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27
Q

in file properties, where can you see file attributes you can enable for a file?

A

General tab

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28
Q

How do you make a hidden file in file properties?

A

in the general tab, check the “hidden” box in attributes

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29
Q

in file properties, where can you see advanced options for file attributes?

A

General tab

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30
Q

Where can you go from file explorer to see things about files with tabs including general, security, details, and previous versions?

A

File Properties

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31
Q

What tab in File Properties basically tells us the same things as the General tab, but without ability to modify anything or look deeper?

A

Details tab

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32
Q

in file properties, where can you restore an earlier version of a file?

A

Previous versions

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33
Q

what do you see by default in file directories?

A

list of non hidden files and folders

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34
Q

Where can you change how you want to view your file systems and directories

A

in the tool bar at the top of the File Explorer app

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35
Q

What does recursive mean for a program?

A

it is operating on a directory and its contents

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36
Q

What is a naive algorithm?

A

a very simple Solution to a problem that has a very high time or high memory complexity

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37
Q

In a recursive directory search, what files won’t be counted in the total folder size?

A

subdirectories you don’t have access to.

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38
Q

what are file system objects used to extend the attributes of a file system?

A

reparse points

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39
Q

What does parsing mean?

A

analyse, break down, dissect, take apart

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40
Q

What does recurse mean?

A

of, relating to, or constituting a procedure that can repeat itself indefinitely

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41
Q

what size do symbolic links to files count as?

A

zero size, because the directory entry reports them that way.

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42
Q

what measurement is reported by the FindFirstFile function in the WIN32_FIND_DATA.nFile­Size­Low and nFile­Size­High
?

A

The Size Measurement in the properties sheet

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43
Q

For Size on Disk: If the drive supports compression (as reported by the FILE_FILE_COMPRESSION flag returned by the Get­Volume­Information function) and the file is compressed or sparse (FILE_ATTRIBUTE_COMPRESSED, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SPARSE_FILE), then the Size on disk for a file is the value reported by the

A

Get­Compressed­File­Size function

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44
Q

For size on disk, what takes the compressed size of the file, if compressed, or the size of the file minus the parts that were de-commited and logically treated as zero.

A

GetCompressedFileSize function

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45
Q

What is Size on disk size if the file is neither compressed or sparse?

A

the file size reported by the FindFirstFile function rounded up to the nearest cluster

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46
Q

who developed the size on disk algorithm?

A

Windows 95 team

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47
Q

What was the only disk file system in the MS-DOS background of the Windows 95 team? Files stored in units of clusters

A

FAT

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48
Q

What file organization system can a file consume zero clusters for its data by stashing itself into slack space in the master file table?

A

NTFS

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49
Q

What does Size on Disk not take into account?

A

other file system overhead, disk space occupied by the file name itself, directory entry information, file metadata, alternate data streams

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50
Q

What is Size on Disk meant to be?

A

a rough estimate based on the assumption that most files have no hard links and a negligible use of alternate data streams.

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51
Q

When will values be way off for Size on Disk?

A

if you have a directory with numerous hard links, like the Windows Directory itself

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52
Q

What can you use as a sniff test to get a rough idea of the size of a directory, but which is a naive calculation?

A

Size on disk

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53
Q

What can you use if you need to keep careful tabs on disk consumption? Their purpose is to more intelligently track disk consumption.

A

Disk Quotas.

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54
Q

What are the CLI on Windows?

A

command prompt: cmd.exe
Windows PowerShell

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55
Q

What CLI is similar to the command prompt that was used in MS DOS?

A

cmd.exe, command prompt

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56
Q

What command line supports many of the same commands as the command prompt and more?

A

PowerShell

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57
Q

what CLI are we using in this course?

A

Windows PowerShell

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58
Q

What are many commands we’ll use in PowerShell aliases for?

A

common commands in other shells

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59
Q

What is like a nickname for a command?

A

alias

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59
Q

command for listing files and directories

A

ls- list directory

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60
Q

what drive is where the Windows Operating system is installed?

A

C: drive

61
Q

How to navigate to the C drive in PowerShell

A

cd C:\

62
Q

What is an example of a command parameter?

A

C:\ in <ls C:>

63
Q

what do you see in the cli when you navigate to the C: drive?

A

all the directories in the root of your C: drive

64
Q

What do we call a parent directory?

A

directories containing directories, like the C: drive root folderW

65
Q

what do we call child directories?

A

contents inside parent directories.

66
Q

what do parents and children tend to stand for?

A

hierarchical relationships in OS

67
Q

if I have a folder called “cats” and a second folder nested in that folder called, “Maine Coon” , which folder is which?

A

Cats is the parent directory. Maine Coon is the child directory

68
Q

What does Program Files (x86) contain?

A

most of the applications and other programs that are installed in Windows

69
Q

What file contains the user profile directories or home directories?Windows

A

Users

70
Q

What does each user on a Windows machine get?

A

a user directory in the Users directory

71
Q

Where is the Windows OS installed?

A

The Windows directory

72
Q

What happens if you open PowerShell and run Get-Help ls?

A

you’ll see the text describing the parameters of the ls command

73
Q

What happens if you open PowerShell and run Get-Help ls -Full?

A

You will see more detailed help concerning the parameters of ls command. You’ll see a description of each of the parameters and command use examples.

74
Q

How do you see all hidden files in a directory? in PowerShell

A

ls -Force C:\

75
Q

What does the -Force parameter do?

A

shows hidden and system files that aren’t normally listed with just ls.

76
Q

What does the Recycle function do?

A

move files to this Recycle directory, instead of deleting immediately,

77
Q

ProgramData directory

A

used to hold data for programs installed in Program Files

78
Q

what is the directory all other directories stem from?

A

root directory

79
Q

What denotes the path to the root directory in Linux?

A

/

80
Q

what is
/home/cindy/Desktop
an example of?

A

a path in Linux that starts from the root directory, just like C:\users\cindy\desktop in Windows.

81
Q

in Linux, if you don’t provide a path, what will it default to?

A

the current directory

82
Q

what directory can I mistake for the main directory in Linux?

A

the home directory, which is not the same as the root directory.

83
Q

what does
ls /
show us in linux?

A

all the directories listed under the root directory.

84
Q

what directory in linux stores our essential binaries or programs? Very similar to our Windows program files directory

A

/bin

85
Q

where are commands we use located in linux?

A

/bin

86
Q

what folder stores important system configuration files? linux.

A

/etc

87
Q

what is the personal directory for users called in linux?

A

/home

88
Q

what directory in Linux holds user documents, pictures, etc. similar to Windows’ User directory

A

/home

89
Q

what directory contains information about currently running processes in Linux?

A

/proc

90
Q

what directory in Linux doesn’t contain our user files, but is meant for user installed software?

A

/usr

91
Q

Where do we store system logs and constantly changing files in Linux?

A

/var

92
Q

What is a way to specify additional options for a command in linux, similar to Windows Parameters?

A

a flag

93
Q

how do we specify flags linux?

A

using a hypen, then the flag option
<-flag> (usually. every command has different flag options)

94
Q

how do you view what options are available for a command in Linux?

A

add the <–help> flag

95
Q

what happens when you type ls –help?

A

you get information about ls, used for reference. This is help menu.

96
Q

where do you find what format to put a command in, in Linux?

A

in linux at the top of the help menu. Usage:

97
Q

Where in linux command help menu do you find what the command does/

A

under Usage.

98
Q

Where in linux command help menu do you find the options you can use? Tells us what command flags are available, and what they do.

A

below the information that tells you what the command does, presented with the flag, – it’s definition, and what it does to the command.

99
Q

what does man stand for as a linux command?

A

manual

100
Q

what is man used for? linux

A

to show manual pages. Man pages.

101
Q

how do you use the manual command to see man pages? linux.

A

run
man command you want to look up>

102
Q

what will
man ls
command get you the same information as? linux.

A

ls –help

103
Q

how do you make a directory list more readable? in linux

A

ls -l

104
Q

What does
-l
stand for in linux? as an ls flag.

A

long

105
Q

What shows detailed information about files and folders in the format of a long list?

A

ls -l

106
Q

how do you see additonal information about the linux directory and the files and folders in them?

A

ls -l

107
Q

what is the ls command in linux similar to in windows?

A

ls, dir

108
Q

what shows us detailed file information?

A

ls -l

109
Q

what is the first column in a list generated off of ls -l? linux.

A

file permissions.

110
Q

what is the second column in a list generated off of ls -l? linux.

A

the number of links a file has

111
Q

what is the third and fourth column in a list generated off of ls -l? linux.

A

the file owner, then the group the file belongs to

112
Q

what is the fifth column in a list generated off of ls -l? linux.

A

file size

113
Q

what are groups? linux

A

another way we can specify access to files

114
Q

what is the sixth column in a list generated off of ls -l? linux.

A

time stamp of last modification

115
Q

what is the seventh column in a list generated off of ls -l? linux.

A

file or directory name

116
Q

what does -a stand for as a linux flag for ls?

A

all

117
Q

what ls flag shows us all the files in the directory, including the hidden files? linux

A

ls -a

118
Q

how can I append two flags together in the ls command in linux?

A

ls -l -a/

119
Q

what determines the order a command goes in? linux

A

the order of the flags

120
Q

does it matter if you do a long list first or show all files first in linux?

A

not in our case.

121
Q

how do you hide a file or directory?

A

prepend a dot to it.
.file

122
Q

what does prepend mean?

A

to add something to the beginning of something else

123
Q

how do you change directory in the Gui on windows?

A

in file explorer, click on the directory you want to navigate to.

124
Q

what is a path that starts from the main directory known as in Windows?

A

Absolute path

125
Q

what is a path that starts from your current directory known as in Windows?

A

Relative path

126
Q

where are you usually when you first open PowerShell?

A

home directory

127
Q

in PowerShell, what shows which directory you are currently in?

A

your prompt

128
Q

What command in PowerShell shows you what directory you are in?

A

pwd

129
Q

what does pwd stand for in PowerShell?

A

print working directory

130
Q

What command in PowerShell lets us change our directory?

A

cd, change directory.

131
Q

how do you use cd properly? Windows.

A

cd directory we want to change to

132
Q

What kind of directory path do you need to use to change directory? PowerShell

A

absolute directory, which spells out the entire path, or relative, which only uses part of the path, describing how we want to get somewhere relative to where we are.

133
Q

what does
cd C:\Users\cindy\Documents
do? PowerShell

A

changes us to the Documents directory, using the absolute path.

134
Q

What is the shortcut to get to the level above your current directory? The parent directory of the one you are in right now. in PowerShell

A

cd ..

135
Q

What is a relative path that will take you up one level relative to where you are in PowerShell?

A

..

136
Q

PowerShell, what directory are document and desktop directories under?

A

home

137
Q

in PowerShell, to get to the Desktop directory from the Documents directory, what is an easier way to write this than the command
cd ..
cd Desktop?

A

cd ..\Desktop

138
Q

what is cd ~ good for? PowerShell

A

change directory to home directory.

139
Q

What does ~ mean? PowerShell

A

home

140
Q

How can I get to the desktop directory in my home folder from anywhere?

A

cd ~\Desktop

141
Q

What happens if you mess up while typing directory names? PowerShell

A

PowerShell has a built in feature called Tab completion, which lets us use tab to auto-complete file names and directories.

142
Q

how do you use tab completion to get to another directory? PowerShell

A

you can press the first letter of the directory, and then tab, and the first file or directory starting with that letter will complete. You can keep pressing tab and the path will rotate through all the options that complete the name you started to type. You can also spell out more letters of the directory to get specific the first time.

143
Q

what does the . in front of the path of
.\Desktop\ mean? PowerShell

A

current directory

144
Q

how is navigating between directories the same in Bash as PowerShell?

A

The cd command is the same.

145
Q

how do you change directory Linux?

A

cd path

146
Q

what is
cd /home/cindy/Documents
an example of? linux

A

an absolute path in Linux.

147
Q

what does .. do in linux?

A

go up a parent directory

148
Q

What does tilde mean in Bash?

A

home

149
Q

what does cd ~/Desktop do? linux

A

take us back to the desktop

150
Q

what is the difference between tab complete in Bash and Windows?

A

if we have multiple options in Bash, it won’t rotate through the options. It’ll show all options at once as a way to show us how many fit that description.

Introduction to Operating Systems and Becoming a Power User (34 decks)

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