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Introduction to Operating Systems and Becoming a Power User > master file table, module 4. > Flashcards

master file table, module 4. Flashcards

1
Q

what do we call the space reserved by the NTFS file system for the MFT in each volume?

A

the MFT zone

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2
Q

where is space for file and directories allocated from the MFT zone?

A

after all of the volume space outside of the MFT zone has been allocated.

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3
Q

what does contiguous mean?

A

being in contact

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4
Q

what will allocate unreserved space before the MFT zone?

A

volumes with a small number of relatively large files

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5
Q

what will allocate the MFT zone before the unreserved space?

A

volumes with a large number of relatively small files

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6
Q

when does fragmentation of the MFT take place?

A

when one region or the other becomes fully allocated. MFT or unreserved space

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7
Q

is unreserved space is totally allocated, where is space for user files and directories allocated?

A

MFT zone

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8
Q

If the MFT zone is allocated all the way, where is space for new MFT entries allocated?

A

unreserved space

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9
Q

what does defragmenting a hard disk do?

A

Optimizes the drive, makes data retrieval faster by organizing files to occupy contiguous storage locations.

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10
Q

how do you reduce the chance of the MFT zone becoming fully allocated before the defrag process is complete?

A

leave as much space at the beginning of the MFT zone as possible before defrag.

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11
Q

what if you want to defrag, but the MFT zone has become fully allocated before it is completed?

A

there must be unallocated space outside the MFT zone.

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12
Q

what is the default MFT zone calculated and reserved by?

A

the system when it mounts the volume, and is based on volume size.

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13
Q

can you make the default MFT zone smaller than what is calculated?

A

no

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14
Q

does increasing the MFT zone decrease the disk space users can use for data files?

A

no

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15
Q

how do you determine the current size of the MFT? (with hard drive)

A

analyse the ntfs file system drive with Disk Defragmenter, then click the View Report button.

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16
Q

what are absolute links?

A

links that specify each portion of the path name.

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17
Q

what are relative links determined?

A

relative to where relative-link specifiers are in a specified path.

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18
Q

what function lets you create symbolic links using an absolute or relative path?

A

CreateSymbolicLink

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19
Q

what does Windows treat symbolic links as?

A

the original file in almost every way

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20
Q

can symbolic links contain junction points and mounted folders as part of the path name?

A

yes

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21
Q

what can Sybolic links point to a remote file or directory with?

A

UNC path

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22
Q

what are relative symbolic links restricted to?

A

a single volume

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23
Q

what three types of file systems does NTFS support?

A

hard links, junctions, and symbolic links.

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24
Q

what is the file-system representation of a file by which more than one path references a single file in the same volume?

A

hard link

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25
Q

what is the function for creating a hard link?

A

CreateHardLinkA

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26
Q

Any changes made to a hard linked file are…

A

instantly visible to applications that access it through the links that reference it.

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27
Q

what are reflected in every hard link to a file?

A

attributes on the file.

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28
Q

where are directory entry size and attribute information of a file visibly updated?

A

only at the link through which the change was made.

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29
Q

what happens if you clear the read-only attribute flag on a particular hard link so you can delete that hard link and there are multiple hard links to the file?

A

the other hard links display that the read-only attribute is still set, which isn’t true.

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30
Q

how do you change a file to the read-only state?

A

set the read-only flag on the file from one of its remaining hard links.

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31
Q

can hard links reference directories?

A

no, only files

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32
Q

can hard links reference files on different volumes?

A

no

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33
Q

what function is used to delete a hard link?

A

DeleteFileA

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34
Q

what is a soft link?

A

junction

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35
Q

how does a junction differ from a hard link?

A

the storage objects it references are separate directories.

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36
Q

can a junction link directories?

A

yes. even located on different local volumes on the same computer.

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37
Q

what are junctions implemented through?

A

reparse points

38
Q

in Linux, what are Metadata and Files organized into?

A

inodes

39
Q

what in Linux are similar to the Windows NTFS MFT records?

A

inodes

40
Q

where do we store inodes?

A

inodes table

41
Q

what help us manage files on a linux file system?

A

inodes

42
Q

what does an inode actually store?

A

not the file data or name, but everything else about it.

43
Q

what are shortcuts in linux referred to as?

A

soft links, sim links, hard links

44
Q

what allow us to link to another file using a file name?

A

soft links.

45
Q

what do hard links in Linux link to?

A

an inode stored in an inode table.

46
Q

what helps us manage files on a Linux file system?

A

inodes

47
Q

when you create a hard link, what are you pointing to?

A

a location on disk, or on the file system.

48
Q

if you delete a file of a hard link, what happens to other hard links in linux?

A

all other hard links would still work.

49
Q

in ls -l, what field indicates the amount of hard links the file has?

A

the third field, after the permissions.

50
Q

what happens when the hard link count of a file on linux reaches zero?

A

the file is completely removed from the comptuer

51
Q

how do you make a soft link in linux?

A

ln -s
-s for soft link

52
Q

what does the command
ln -s important_file important_file_softlink
do?

A

makes a new softlink to the file, important_file, called important_file_softlink, which you can see with ls.

53
Q

how do you make a hard link in bash?

A

run the ln command without the -s to specify hard link.

54
Q

what does the command
ln important_file important_file_hardlink
do?

A

makes a hard link of important_file called important_file_hardlink
which you can check with ls -l, to see that the hard link count will go up.

55
Q

why are hard links nice?

A

if you want to store a file in different places but don’t want to take up additional space on the volume.

56
Q

what do all hard links for a file point to?

A

the same space on the volume.

57
Q

how would you break a soft link?

A

moving a file. pain.

58
Q

how can I check disk usage?

A

open computer management, disk management, right click the partition you want to look at, properties. brings up general tab,

59
Q

in general, in disk properties, what can you see?

A

used and free space onthe drive.

60
Q

what is Disk Usage part of?

A

sys internals tool

61
Q

what command line tool can print out the usage of a given disk and tell you how many files it has? why is this useful?

A

Disk Usage, DU. It can be useful for creating scripts, which might need text-based output instead of visual reports, like the pie chart.

62
Q

what does disk cleanup in Disk properties do?

A

launches cleanmgr.exe, to free up hard drive space. delete temp files, compress old files, clean logs, empty recycle bin

63
Q

what is the idea behind defragmentation?

A

to take all the files stored on a given disk and reorganize them into neighboring locations Makes it easier for rotating HD, doesn’t matter for SSD.

64
Q

what is the process called Trim good for?

A

SSD, solid state drives

65
Q

what does Trim do?

A

reclaim unused portions of the SSD

66
Q

how is defragmentation handled in Windows?

A

as a scheduled task

67
Q

what reports the disk space usage for the directory you specify?

A

DU, disk usage.

68
Q

how do you start the disk cleanup tool?

A

start, run, open: c:\windows\SYSTEM32\cleanmgr.exe /d(driveletter)

69
Q

how can you view the disk utilization on your computer in linux?

A

du -h

70
Q

what does du stand for?

A

disk usage

71
Q

what does the du command show?

A

disk usage of a specific directory. If no specified directory, it will default to your current directory.

72
Q

what does the -h flag in du -h do?

A

gives you the data measurements in human readable form.

73
Q

when should you use the du command?

A

if you want to know how much disk space is being used by files in a directory

74
Q

what does the df command do in linux/

A

shows you the free space available in your entire machine

75
Q

what command can you use other than du to know free space on machine?

A

df

76
Q

when should you use the df command/

A

if you want to know how much free space you have in your entire system.

77
Q

Do we defragment Linux?

A

no. It does a good job of avoiding fragmentation more than Windows. We probably can, but it’s not covered in the course.

78
Q

what happens if you have a file that needs to become larger, and it doesn’t fit contiguously anymore?

A

it gets split up into multiple pieces and the hard disk heads must skip between different physical locations on the hard drive to read each chunk of sectors.

79
Q

what does defragmentation do?

A

makes it so each file on the hard drive is contiguous

80
Q

should you defragment ssd?

A

no. reduces its life.

81
Q

how does fragmentation work on FAT?

A

files always become fragmented if they grow in size, because they are always saved as close to the start of the disk as possible.

82
Q

how does fragmenting work on Windows NTFS?

A

when files on a drive are saved, they are saved with buffer space.

83
Q

How does ext file system save files?

A

scattering them all over the disk, leaving a large amount of free space between them. If fragmentation does occur, the file system will attempt to move the files around to reduce fragmentation in normal use, without the need for a defragmentation utility.

84
Q

when will you start seeing fragmentation in linux?

A

when the system is 80% or more full.

85
Q

what should you do if you have problems with fragmentation in linux?

A

get a larger storage disk.

86
Q

what is the most reliable way to defrag in linux?

A

copy all the files off the partition, erase them from it, then copy the files back onto the partition. They file system will intelligently allocate the files as you copy them back onto the disk.

87
Q

what command can you use in linux to measure fragmentation?

A

fsck
look for non-contiguous inodes in the output

88
Q

why do you need to eject a usb?

A

the computer or usb may not be done copying over the data you were working on. Data corruption risk.

89
Q

what is a region of RAM that is used to temporarily store data while it is being moved around?

A

Data bufferw

90
Q

where do we first put data when we read or write something to a drive?

A

a buffer or cache

91
Q

data corruption causes.

A

system failures, power outages, unplugging mounted usb, software bugs.

92
Q
A

Introduction to Operating Systems and Becoming a Power User (34 decks)

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