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OCR A-LEVEL Biology > Module 3 Section 2 - Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Module 3 Section 2 - Blood Vessels Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 types of blood vessels you need to know

A

Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

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2
Q

What do the arteries carry

A

Blood from the heart to the rest of the body

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3
Q

What is said about the structure of the artery

A

Thick muscular walls
Elastic tissue
Inner lining (endothelium) is folded
Narrow lumen

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4
Q

What type of blood do arteries carry

A

All carry oxygenated blood with the exception of pulmonary arteries which take deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the thick and muscular walls and elastic tissue

A

To stretch and recoil as the heart beats, which helps maintain high pressure

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the endothelium being folded

A

Allows artery to expand - helps it maintain high pressure

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7
Q

What do arteries branch into

A

Arterioles

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8
Q

Arterioles are…

A

Smaller than artieries

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9
Q

What is the structure of an arteriole

A

Layer of smooth muscle but less elastic tissue

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10
Q

What is the purpose of smooth muscle for Arterioles

A

The smooth muscle allows them to expand or contract thus controlling the amount of blood flowing to tissues

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11
Q

What do Arterioles branch into

A

Capillaries

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12
Q

Capillaries are….

A

The smallest blood vessel

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13
Q

What are examples of substances that get exchanged between cells and capillaries

A

Glucose and oxygen

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14
Q

Capillaries have been adapted for

A

Efficient diffusion e.g. their wall are only one cell thick

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15
Q

What do capillaries connect to

A

Venules

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16
Q

What is the structure of the Venule’s walls

A

Thin walls that contain some muscle cells

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17
Q

What do Venules join together to form

A

Veins

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18
Q

What do veins carry

A

Blood back to the heart

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19
Q

Under what pressure do veins take blood back to the heart

A

Low pressure

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20
Q

What is the structure of veins

A

Wider lumen
Very little elastic tissue or muscle tissue
Contains valves

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21
Q

What type of blood do veins carry

A

All veins carry deoxygenated blood with the exception of pulmonary veins which take oxygenated blood from lungs back to the heart

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the valves

A

To prevent the back flow of blood

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23
Q

Blood flowing through the veins is helped by what

A

The contraction of body muscles surrounding them

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24
Q

What surrounds the cells in tissues

A

Tissue fluid

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25
Q

What is tissue fluid made from

A

Substance that leave the blood plasma e.g. oxygen, water and nutrients

26
Q

Cells take in oxygen and nutrients from where

A

The tissue fluid

27
Q

Where do cells release metabolic waste

A

Into the tissue fluid

28
Q

How do substances move out the capillaries into the tissue fluid in a capillary bed

A

By pressure filtration

29
Q

What is the first stage of the formation of tissue fluid by pressure filtration

A

At the start of the capillary bed, nearest arteries, hydrostatic pressure inside capillaries is greater than the hydrostatic pressure in the tissue fluid. The difference in hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out of the capillaries and into the spaces around the cells

30
Q

What happens in the second stage of the formation of tissue fluid by pressure filtration

A

As fluid leaves the hydrostatic pressure reduces in the capillaries - so the hydrostatic pressure is much lower at the end of the capillary bed that’s nearest to the Venules

31
Q

What happens in the third stage of the formation of tissue fluid by pressure filtration

A

Another form of pressure is at work called oncotic pressure - this is generate by plasma proteins present in capillaries which lower the water potential. At the venule end of the capillary bed the water potential in the capillaries is lower than water potential in the tissue fluid due to the fluid loss and high oncotic pressure. This means water re enters capillaries from the tissue fluid at the venule end by osmosis

32
Q

Where does excess fluid drain into

A

Lymph vessels

33
Q

What are the smallest lymph vessels called

A

Lymph capillaries

34
Q

Where does excess tissue fluid pass into

A

Lymph vessels, once inside it’s called lymph

35
Q

What prevents the lymph in lymph vessels from going backwards

A

Valves

36
Q

Where is the main lymph vessels located

A

In the thorax (chest cavity)

37
Q

Where does the lymph gradually move to

A

Main lymph vessels in the thorax

38
Q

When the lymph reaches the main lymph vessels what happens

A

The lymph is returned to the blood near the heart

39
Q

Is red blood cells present in blood

A

Yes

40
Q

Are white blood cells present in blood

A

Yes

41
Q

Are platelets present in blood

A

Yes

42
Q

Are proteins present in blood

A

Yes

43
Q

Is water present in blood

A

Yes

44
Q

Are dissolved solutes present in blood

A

Yes

45
Q

Are red blood cells present in tissue fluid

A

No

46
Q

Are white blood cells present in tissue fluid

A

Very few

47
Q

Are platelets present in tissue fluid

A

No

48
Q

Are proteins present in tissue fluid

A

Very few

49
Q

Is water present in tissue fluid

A

Yes

50
Q

Is dissolved solutes present in tissue fluid

A

Yes

51
Q

Are red blood cells found in lymph

A

No

52
Q

Are white blood cells found in lymph

A

Yes

53
Q

Are platelets found in lymph

A

No

54
Q

Are proteins found in lymph

A

Only antibodies

55
Q

Is water found in lymph

A

Yes

56
Q

Are dissolved solutes found in lymp

A

Yes

57
Q

What is meant by dissolved solutes

A

Salt

58
Q

What has a higher water potential than blood

A

Tissue fluid and lymph

59
Q

When are platelets found in tissue fluid

A

If the capillaries are damaged

60
Q

When do most white blood cell enter tissue fluid

A

When there is an infection

OCR A-LEVEL Biology (48 decks)

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