Module 2 Section 2 - Carbohydrates Flashcards
What are carbohydrates
Polymers
What is a polymer
A molecule made up of many similar smaller molecules called monomers bonded together
Monomers make up carbohydrates called
Monosaccharides
Give an example of a monosaccharide
Glucose with six carbon atoms
What is the special term for glucose as a monosaccharide
It is a hexose monosaccharide
How does glucose’s structure related to its function
The structure makes it soluble meaning it can be easily transported
The structure allows chemical bonds to contain lots of energy
What is Ribose
A pentose monosaccharide
What three elements are in all carbohydrates
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
What are monosaccharide joined together by
Glycosidic bonds
During synthesis of a disaccharide or polysaccharide, why is it called a condensation reaction
Because the reaction releases a molecule of water as the hydrogen atom on one monosaccharide bonds to hydroxyl group on the other monosaccharide
What is a disaccharide
When two monosaccharides join together
What is a polysaccharide
When more than two monosaccharides join together
what are the three polysaccharrides we need to know
starch
glycogen
cellulose
where do cells get energy from
glucose
what do plants store excess glucose as
starch
what is starch a mixture of
two polysaccharides of alpha-glucose called amylose and amylopectin
what is amylose
a long unbranched chain of alpha-glucose
the angles of the glycosidic bonds make amylose …….
a coiled structure, this makes it compact so it is really good for storage
what is amylopectin
a long branched chain of alpha glucose
what do the side branches allow amylopectin to do
allows the enzymes that break down the molecule to get at the glycosidic bonds easily, this means glucose can be released quickly
why is starch insoluble
so it doesn’t cause water to enter cells by osmosis which would make them swell. this makes it good for storage
starch is….
the main energy storage material in plants
glycogen is…..
the main energy storage material in animals
where do animals get their energy from …..
glucose, however excess glucose is stored as glycogen
glycogen has a similar structure to what
amylopectin, however it has more side branches - this means that stored glucose can be released quickly
why is glycogen good for storage
because it is a very compact molecule
cellulose is…..
the major component of cell walls in plants
what is cellulose made of
long, unbranched chains of beta glucose
what happens when beta glucose bond
they form straight cellulose chains
what are the cellulose chains linked together by
hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres called microfibrils - this means cellulose provides structural support for cells
during synthesis of a disaccharide or polysaccharide, why is the reverse reaction called a hydrolysis reaction
because the water reacts with the glycosidic bond to break it apart
