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PHYSCI 111A > Module 3 Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Module 3 Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How the brain influences the activity of the

spinal cord

A

the central motor system

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2
Q

The central motor system is arranged as a
hierarchy of control levels with the __________
at the top and the __________ at the bottom

A

forebrain

spinal cord

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3
Q

Types of Movements

A
  • rhythmic
  • reflexes
  • voluntary
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4
Q

__________ – “simple” neural circuit resides in

spinal cord or brain stem

A

Reflexes

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5
Q

_________ - includes a central component that

regulates spinal cord oscillatory circuit

A

Rhythmic

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6
Q

__________ - requires ‘higher’ levels such as

cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum

A

Voluntary

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7
Q

___________: motor systems are organized by levels

A

Hierarchical control

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8
Q

________________: more than one pathway may be active at the same time

A

Parallel control

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9
Q

____________: The cerebral neocortex has information—
based on vision, audition, somatic sensation, and
proprioception—about precisely where the body is
in space.

A

Strategy

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10
Q

Filtered through the ___-________ and back

to the ___________ until a final decision is made,

A

basal ganglia

cortex

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11
Q

during the ____________ stage, The motor areas of cortex and the cerebellum issue instructions to the spinal cord

A

tactics

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12
Q

___________ are all involved in Coordination
of muscles:
shoulder,
elbow…

A

Cervical region
Thoracic and lumbar region
Brain stem

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13
Q

• _____________
– Association area of neocortex
– Basal ganglia

A

High level (strategy)

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14
Q

_____________
– Motor cortex
– Cerebellum

A

Middle level (tactics)

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15
Q

____________
– Brain stem
– Spinal cord

A

Lower level (Execution)

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16
Q

Descending Spinal Tracts

A

– The ventromedial pathways

– The lateral pathways

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17
Q

_____________
• Involved in the control of posture and are under brain
stem control

A

– The ventromedial pathways

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18
Q

________________
• Are involved in voluntary movement of the distal
muscles
• Under direct cortical control

A

– The lateral pathways

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19
Q

__________
– Muscles of the trunk
– To maintain posture

A

Axial muscles

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20
Q

____________
– Muscles of the shoulders, elbows, thighs, and knees
– Locomotion

A

• Proximal muscles

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21
Q

_________________
– Muscles of the hands, feet, and digits
– Manipulations of objects

A

• Distal muscles

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22
Q

The Lateral Pathways

A
  • Corticospinal tract

* Rubrospinal tract

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23
Q

_______________ originates in the
neocortex (about 2/3 of axons originate from
areas 4 and 6 of the frontal lobe-motor
cortex)

A

Corticospinal tract

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24
Q

the remainder neurons derive from the________________ of the parietal lobe

A

somatosensory area

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25
Q

__________________:
Parallel the corticospinal tract
Receives input from
frontal cortex

A

the rubriospinal tract

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26
Q

What is the path of rubriospinal tract

A

spinal cord -> medulla -> midbrain-> rednucleus

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27
Q

Lesions studies of the lateral pathways from
the work of Lawrence and Kuypers in the 60s
showed that

A

– Monkeys are unable to do fractional movements
– Voluntary movement were slower and less
accurate
– Monkeys could sit upright and stand with normal
posture

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28
Q

• Lesions of the corticospinal tract alone caused

– Movement deficit as severe as the __________

A

lateral tract lesion

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29
Q

___________
– The only permanent deficit was some weakness in the
distal flexors and inability to move the fingers
independently

A

• Recovery

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30
Q

• Lesion of the rubrospinal tract _______

A

reversed recovery

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31
Q

________________
• Originate in the brain stem and terminate in
the spinal interneurons that control the
proximal and axial muscles

A

The Ventromedial Pathways

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32
Q

The Ventromedial Pathways (4)

A

– Vestibulospinal tract
– Tectospinal tract
– Pontine reticulospinal tract
– Medullary reticulospinal tract

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33
Q

The Ventromedial Pathways (4)

A

– Vestibulospinal tract
– Tectospinal tract
– Pontine reticulospinal tract
– Medullary reticulospinal tract

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34
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Use sensory
information about
balance, body
position, and the
visual environment
to reflexively
maintain balance
and body posture.
A

Ventromedial Pathways

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35
Q

______________ control neck and back
muscles and guide head
movement. Stability of the head
is important

A

Vestibulospinal tract

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36
Q

Control the
posture of the
head and neck

A

Vestibulospinal tract

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37
Q

The The vestibularspinal tract____________ down

to cervical regions

A

Bilaterally

projection

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38
Q

vestibular spinal tract Not shown Lumbar region projection that facilitating

A

extensor motor neurons of the legs

39
Q

vestibular spinal tract Receives information from

___________________

A

the inner ear via CN VIII

40
Q

_____________: Receives direct input from
the retina, visual cortex,
somatosensory cortex

A

tectospinal tract

41
Q

Orienting response that directs the
head and eyes to move so that the
appropriate point of space is __________

A

imaged on the fovea.

42
Q

The tectospinal tract Control muscles of the

A

neck, upper trunk and

shoulders

43
Q

trace the tectospinal tract

A

spinal cord -> medulla ->superior colliculus

44
Q

where does the tectospinal tract dessicate

A

cervical region

45
Q

The Pontine and the Medullary

Reticulospinal Tract Originates mainly from the

A

reticular formation

46
Q

The Pontine and the Medullary

Divided into two parts:

A

– The medial pontine reticulospinal Tract

– The lateral medullary reticulospinal tract

47
Q

Pontine RST enhances the antigravity reflexes of the

A

spinal cord

48
Q

Medullary RST liberates the antigravity muscles from

_________

A

reflex control

49
Q

Making movements depends on

A

1- knowledge of where the body is in space
2-Where it intends to go
3-Selection of a plan to get there

50
Q

Neurosurgeon
Mapping regions of the
brain

A

Electrical stimulation

51
Q

Weak stimulation
to area 4 would
illicit movement on

A

the opposite side

52
Q

Two other areas

in the frontal lobe

A

(area 6)

53
Q

PMA connects with reticulospinal tract that innervates

A

proximal motor units
Area 4: Somatotopy
Area 4 is now often referred to as primary motor cortex or M1

54
Q

Area 4: Somatotopy

Area 4 is now often referred to as _____________

A

primary motor cortex or M1

55
Q

SMA and PMA play a major role in the

planning of movement

A

– Distal musculature

56
Q

• Cells in the SMA increase their discharge a

second before ________________

A

the execution of movement

57
Q 
Some neurons in area 6 respond not only
when movements are executed, but also
when the same movement is only imagined
(mentally rehearsed)
• They also fire when the movement is
observed
• These neurons found in the PMA are called
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

mirror neurons

58
Q

Area 4 has strong connections with the __________ and is called the ____________

A

spinal tracts

Motor strip

59
Q

The Input-Output Organization of M1

A

Can synapse on spinal interneurons as well as lower motor neuron

60
Q

Recordings from M1 neurons in behaving
animals have revealed that a burst of activity
occurs immediately before and during a
voluntary movement. This activity appears to encode two aspects of the movement:

A

force and direction

61
Q

what are the three major areas of the brain for responsive movement

A
  • cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • cerebellum
62
Q

All movement goes through

A

spinal cord

63
Q

_________ are groups of axons in the central nervous system

A

tracts

64
Q

cortex commands which pathways

A

lateral pathways

65
Q

brain stem commands which pathways

A

ventromedial pathways

postural muscles

66
Q

what is the most important pathway which originates In cortex to spinal pathway

A

corticospinal tract

67
Q

_________ is much smaller and is responsible for distal muscle. Is involved in distal studies

A

The rubriospinal tract

68
Q

__________ Earlier microstimulation studies

A

The Work of Apostolos Georgopoulos

69
Q

Individual M1 neurons have broad functioning allowing them to fire ___________

A

from many directions

70
Q

-Move joystick towards a light whose position varied randomly
-Movement direction was encoded instead by the
_________________

A

collective activity of a population of neurons

71
Q

The coding of movement of M1 neurons

A

The neurons in the M1 have a preferred movement with higher force; however, they still fire at other angles

72
Q

During the coding of M1 neurons

A

both are firing. but some at lower frequency

73
Q 
The Coding of Movement in M1
• These studies suggest three important
conclusions about how M1 commands
voluntary movement:
– (1) much of the motor cortex is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

active for every

movement

74
Q

The Coding of Movement in M1
• These studies suggest three important
conclusions about how M1 commands
voluntary movement:

– (2) the activity of each cell represents a single
_____________________

A

“vote” for a particular direction of movement

75
Q

The Coding of Movement in M1
• These studies suggest three important
conclusions about how M1 commands
voluntary movement:

____________ registered by
each cell in the population

A

tally (and averaging) of the votes

76
Q

The parietal lobes are extensively interconnected with regions in the _______________

A

anterior frontal lobes (prefrontal cortex)

77
Q

Area 3b is the ________________
– (1) it receives dense inputs from the VP nucleus of
the thalamus
– (2) its neurons are very responsive to
somatosensory stimuli (but not to other sensory
stimuli)
– (3) lesions here impair somatic sensation
– (4) when electrically stimulated, it evokes somatic
sensory experiences.

A

primary somatic sensory cortex

78
Q

primary somatic sensory cortex:
it receives dense inputs from the VP nucleus of
the_____________

A

thalamus

79
Q

primary somatic sensory cortex:
its neurons are very responsive to
________________(but not to other sensory
stimuli)

A

somatosensory stimuli

80
Q

primary somatic sensory cortex

lesions here impair ___________

A

somatic sensation

81
Q

primary somatic sensory cortex

when electrically stimulated, it evokes____________

A

somatic sensory experiences.

82
Q

Areas 1 and 2 receive dense inputs from area 3b. The
projection from 3b to area 1 sends mainly
texture information, while ________________

A

the projection

to area 2 emphasizes size and shape.

83
Q

Area 3a also receives a

dense input from the _______________________

A

thalamus; is concerned
with the sense of body
position rather than
touch.

84
Q

PET studies: changes in_____________
– Subjects asked to perform series of finger
movements (areas 5, 7, 6, and 4)
– Subjects asked to think about the movement (area
6)

A

blood flow

85
Q

The larger the population of neurons
representing a type of movement, the finer
the possible control.

A

– Hands movements and the muscles of facial

expression

86
Q

• Fine movements of other muscles can be

learned with ___________

A

experience

87
Q

• In one series of experiments, Donoghue and Sanes used cortical
microstimulation in rats
• They mapped the regions of M1 that normally elicit movements of
the forelimb, facial whiskers, or muscles around the eye.
• Then they cut the motor nerve that supplies the muscles of the
snout and its whiskers
• They found that regions of M1 that had evoked whisker
movements now would elicit either forelimb or eye movements
• The motor map had been reorganized.
• They speculated that similar types of cortical reorganization might
provide a basis for learning fine motor skills

A

The Malleable Motor Map

88
Q 
They cut the motor
nerve that supplies
the muscles of the
snout and its
whiskers and found
that regions of M1
that had evoked
whisker movements
now would elicit
A

either forelimb or

eye movements

89
Q

Map represents
motor cortex from a
normal rat

A 
Used cortical
microstimulation form
M1 cells that normally
elicit movements of the
forelimb, facial
whiskers, and muscles
around the eye
90
Q

____________= a set of rules by which a process
can be carried out
• Often refers to a calculation that will be
performed by a computer
• Starting to be created for neural control of
movement: – Breakthrough studies where paralyzed patients move robotic arm by their own thoughts

A

Algorithm

91
Q

In Conclusion
• To initiate a movement, a lot of neurons are
involved chorus of activity to the spinal motor
neurons that generate the ____________

A

the precise movements

necessary to propel the baseball accurately

92
Q

Neuronal Correlates of Motor Planning

• Ready

A

– Depends on activity of the parietal and frontal

lobe (prefrontal cortex)

93
Q

• Set

A

– SMA and PMA
– Movement strategies are derived and held for
execution

94
Q

• Go

A

– MA1

PHYSCI 111A (20 decks)

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