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PHYSCI 111A > Module 3 Discussion 2 > Flashcards

Module 3 Discussion 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Innervate the ends of intrafusal fibers

A

Gamma Motor neuron

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2
Q

where does the gamma motor neuron receive information from

A

Receives info from cerebellum

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3
Q

Function of gamma motor neuron

A

keep muscle spindle from reaching slack state

Keeps 1A sensory axons active to maintain stretch reflex

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4
Q

_____________ is when the gamma neurons do not communicate with cerebellum → muscle goes slack

A

Hypotonia:

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5
Q

Gamma Loop first step:

A

Muscle is stretched → 1A sensory axons send info to alpha motor neurons → extrafusal fibers contract

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6
Q

Gamma loop second step:

A

Gamma motor neurons fire on intrafusal muscle fibers to cause them to contract

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7
Q

Gamma loop third step:

A

Gamma motor neurons and alpha motor neurons fire simultaneously

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8
Q

What does the third step avoid

A

Avoids hypotonia

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9
Q

Gamma look step 4

A

Intrafusal muscle fibers will not be slack → 1A sensory neurons can fire due to another stimulus

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10
Q

Located in tendon of extrafusal muscle intertwined with 1B sensory neurons

A

Golgi tendon organ

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11
Q

Function of Golgi tendon organ

A

ensure muscle is not over contracting

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12
Q

1B sensory axon detects when

A

muscle contracts

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13
Q

1B synapses on

A

inhibitory interneuron in spinal cord

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14
Q

Inhibitory interneuron synapses on alpha motor neuron

A

(using GABA)

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15
Q

Alpha motor neuron stops firing when stimulated by Golgi tendon

A

Protects tendon and muscle from over contracting

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16
Q

Muscle is stretched (extra/intrafusal muscle) by

A

extra weight

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17
Q

1A afferent axons detect stretch and synapse with __________

A

alpha motor neurons

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18
Q

Detect stretch via

A

mechanically gated channels

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19
Q

Alpha motor neurons stimulate

A

extrafusal muscle fibers to contract

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20
Q

Gamma motor neurons fire on

A

intrafusal muscle ends to contract intrafusal muscle fibers

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21
Q

Keeps 1A sensory axons active
1B afferent axons in GTO detect extrafusal muscle contraction and synapse with inhibitory interneurons in spinal cord and then _____________

A

Inhibitory interneurons synapse on alpha motor neuron to prevent over contraction

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22
Q

Uses inhibitory interneurons

A

reciprocal inhibition

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23
Q

Excite a muscle and reciprocally inhibit its _____________ to allow for designated contraction

A

antagonist

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24
Q

Add a weight in hand → muscle is lengthened

1A sensory axon detects stretch in biceps and fires on alpha motor neuron

A

Alpha motor neuron will fire to contract bicep
1A sensory axon also fires on inhibitory interneuron
Inhibitory interneuron synapses on alpha motor neuron in triceps (antagonist muscle) to prevent contraction
This overcomes the stretch reflex in the triceps

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25
Q

Uses excitatory interneurons and means move leg away from pain

A

Flexor withdrawal reflex

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26
Q

In flexor withdrawal reflex:

__________ nociceptive axons detect pain

A

Aδ

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27
Q

In flexor withdrawal reflex:

Synapse on excitatory interneurons that synapse on alpha motor neurons to

A

contract flexor muscles

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28
Q

In flexor withdrawal reflex:

Synapse on inhibitory interneurons that synapse on

A

alpha motor neurons of extensor muscles

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29
Q

Cross extensor reflex: allow us

A

to be supported by other leg

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30
Q

During the cross extension reflex:

A

Extensor muscles are activated

Flexor muscles are inhibited

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31
Q

Aδ nociceptive axons that detected pain synapse _____________

A

on interneurons in opposite leg

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32
Q

Flexor withdrawal reflex + cross extensor reflex work together

A

So we can flex one limb to withdraw it from pain and extend other to stay standing on it

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33
Q

Cross extensor reflex is building block for

A

locomotion

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34
Q

Movement of single limb is a cycle of 2 phases in bipeds:

A

Phase 1: stance phase → both feet on ground

Phase 2: gait phase → one foot is off ground

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35
Q

___________ stance phase → both feet on ground

A

Phase 1:

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36
Q

Locomotion depends on

A

spinal cord neurons that exhibit a central pattern generator rhythm

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37
Q

____________gait phase → one foot is off ground

A

Phase 2:

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38
Q

___________ neurons that create action potentials on their ownNot dependent on sensory input or entirely on higher centers in brain

A

Central Pattern Generators (GPGs):

39
Q

What experiment shows the central pattern generator

A

Cat lesion experiments

40
Q

_____________: planning movement
Highly dependent on sensory input (like knowing where you are)
Sensory info reaches cerebral neocortex
Strategizes with basal ganglia

A

Strategy

41
Q

___________: issue instructions of movement
Sends info to neurons in spinal cord on how to execute movement
Primary motor cortex choose final movement
Cerebellum (to contribute to past movements)

A

Tactics

42
Q

_________ moving
Coordinates muscles to actually move
Brainstem and spinal cord (alpha motor neurons) send info to body

A

Execution:

43
Q

Strategy stage:

Sensory info reaches

A

cerebral neocortex

44
Q

Strategy stage:

Cerebral cortex Strategizes with

A

basal ganglia

45
Q

Tactics stage:
Sends info to neurons in _______on how to execute movement
movements)

A

spinal cord

46
Q

Tactics Stage:

____________choose final movement

A

Primary motor cortex

47
Q

Tactics Stage:

___________ (to contribute to past movements)

A

Cerebellum

48
Q

Control movement of distal muscles

EX: corticospinal tract, rubrospinal tract

A

Lateral pathways

49
Q

Control postural muscles

EX: vestibulospinal tract, tectospinal tract, pontine reticulospinal tract, medullary reticulospinal tract

A

Ventromedial pathways

50
Q 
Originates in the primary motor cortex
Travels through…
internal capsule and cerebral peduncles (midbrain)
decussates in pyramids of medulla
Terminates in the spinal cord
A

cortico spinal tract

51
Q

Cortico spinal tract

A

primary motor cortex -> internal capsule -> cerebral peduncles (midbrain) -> pyramids fo medulla-> spinal cord

52
Q 
Parallel to the corticospinal tract
Receives input from frontal cortex
Originates and decussates in red nucleus
Travels through:
Midbrain
Medulla
Terminates in spinal cord
A

rubrospinal tract

53
Q

Path of rubiospinal tract

A

frontal cortex-> red nucleus -> midbrain-> midbrain -> medulla -> Spinal cord

54
Q

Lesioning lateral pathways:

____________→ can’t move joints independently

A

Loss of fractional movement

55
Q

Lesioning lateral pathways:

Voluntary movement was _________________

A

fragmented (slower, less accurate)

56
Q

Lesioning lateral pathways:

Postural muscles were ________

A

unaffected (b/c from ventromedial pathways)

57
Q

__________________________

Symptoms similar to lateral pathways, but it recovers due to compensation of rubrospinal tract

A

Lesions to the corticospinal tract alone

58
Q

Lesions to the corticospinal tract alone:

Permanent deficit in

A

distal flexors and fractional movement

59
Q

Lesions to rubrospinal tract reverse recovery →

A

permanent damage

60
Q

Motor control comes from the

A

motor cortex

61
Q

__________ aka M1 aka motor cortex
The actual execution of movement
Somatotopy. A certain area of the cortex controls a certain part of the body

A

Area 4

62
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
SMA (supplementary motor area)
Planning of movement 
PMA (premotor area) 
Planning of movement
A

Area 6

63
Q

Somatosensory cortex (Parietal lobe (area 3b)) aids

A

motor control

64
Q

____________ Is the SMA and the PMA

A

Area 6

65
Q

___________________

Located in medial parts of Area 6

A

Supplementary motor area (SMA)

66
Q

________________
Located in lateral part of Area 6
Contains mirror neurons: respond when a movement is executed, imagined, and observed

A

Premotor area (PMA)

67
Q

Contains ______________respond when a movement is executed, imagined, and observed
Enable us to understand actions and intentions of others

A

mirror neurons:

68
Q

Perhaps dysfunction of ___________is related to autism

A

mirror neurons

69
Q

___________ Planning of movement + strategy
Active right before execution of movement and when movement is observed
Activity stops shortly after action is initiated
Firing is highly specific to activity observed

A

SMA + PMA:

70
Q

Communicates with body via brainstem and spinal cord
Pyramidal neurons in layer V (Betz cells)
Cell bodies are in cortex
Project out and synapse directly on alpha motor neurons or indirectly with interneurons
Active when a movement is executed
Receive inputs from area 6 (SMA/PMA), 3, 1, 2 (parietal lobe) and thalamus

A

Area 4 aka primary motor cortex

71
Q

what cells are in area 4 or primary motor cortex

A

Pyramidal neurons in layer V (Betz cells)

72
Q

Project out and synapse directly on

A

alpha motor neurons or indirectly with interneurons

73
Q

Active when a movement is executed

Receive inputs from area 6 (SMA/PMA), 3, 1, 2 (parietal lobe) and thalamus

A

area 4

74
Q

Implant electrode in vivo (primates)

Train monkey to move joystick in a certain direction based on light

A

Coding of M1 Neuronal Function

75
Q

Burst of activity occurs immediately before and during movement

A

Activity correlated with force and direction of movement

76
Q

All individual neurons have “broad tuning” for direction
All neurons can fire in a wide range of directions with various force
Neurons have a prefered movement
There’s a population of neurons firing per direction =___________

A

NOT just one direction per neuron

77
Q

A population of neurons in motor cortex is active for

A

every movement

78
Q

Activity of a single neuron represents a “vote” for a direction of movement

A

Neurons have a preference for specific directions

79
Q

Resulting movement is an average of _____________

A

“votes” of the neurons

80
Q

One neuron has different direction _______

A

preference than another

81
Q

___________mportant for planning a movement (proprioception/strategy)

A

Parietal Lobe

82
Q

Parietal Lobe: Sends info to______________________

A

primary somatosensory cortex (area 3b)

83
Q

Parietal Lobe
Receives input from _____________
Neurons responsive to ________________

A

ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus

somatosensory stimuli only

84
Q

Parietal Lobe

Lesions impair __________

A

somatic sensation

85
Q

PET studies: ____________

Subject move finger = blood to ________

A

change in blood flow

areas 5, 6, 7, 4

86
Q

Subject thinks about moving finger = blood to ______________
Subject move finger = blood to ________________
Subject thinks about moving finger = blood to ___________

A

area 6PET studies: change in blood flow

areas 5, 6, 7, 4

area 6

87
Q

Certain areas of the motor cortex are ____________

A

“malleable”

88
Q

Cortex can reorganize to innervate a ______________

A

different target

89
Q

Whisker experiment: motor neurons innervating whiskers were

A

lesioned

90
Q

Motor neurons were remapped and innervated

A

forelimb and periocular muscles

91
Q

If you learn an instrument, can reorganize

A

motor innervation

92
Q

Regulates motor control

A

basal ganglia

93
Q

2 functions, but likes doing 1 at a time of basal ganglia →

A

grouping/chunking:

Action selection

94
Q

General circuitry:
Motor cortex sends excitatory info to 1. _________ to process

  1. _________ send inhibitory info to 2. __________ or 3. ____________
  2. ___________ sends excitatory info 3. _____________
  3. ___________ sends excitatory info to 4. ____________
A

basal ganglia

superior colliculus or thalamus

superior colliculus to thalamus

Thalamus to motor cortex

PHYSCI 111A (20 decks)

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