Module 2- Chapter 5

Question 1

agonist

Answer 1

**Allows receptor effect
If the key turns the lock the drug is said to be an agonist
**An agonist excites the receptor, so the key “fits”___the knob turns (an action occures

Question 2

antagonist

Answer 2

***Blocking receptor effect
if the drug occupies the lock but doesn’t “turn it” it is said to be an antagonist.
Antagonist in activates the receptor by occupying and blocking the “keyhole” the real key won’t insert, the knob doesn’t turn, and no “drug/hormone” action occures

Question 3

Heroin - Agonist or antagonist? side effect?

Answer 3

is the agonist, a specific effect (analgesia…and respiratory failure in high doses)

Question 4

Naloxone (Narcan)

Answer 4

in the ED is given as an opioid receptor antagonist to “reverse” the effects of an opioid overdose

Question 5

Local effects

Answer 5

are like the effects of nasal sprays and topical creams, that are largely limited to the site of administration and surrounding tissues.
***side effects and toxicity are generally much less

Question 6

Local drug side effects examples

Answer 6

Latisse can cause skin darkening around the eyes as well as eye irritation, dryness or the eyes and redness of the eyelids.

• Topical antibiotics for skin infections
• Mouthwashes with antibacterial agents to treat dental infections

Question 7

Corticosteroids - local side effects?

systemic side effects?

Answer 7

Local effects - hoarseness of the voice

Systemic side effects - weight gain and adrenal gland suppression

Question 8

systemic effects examples:

Answer 8

occur from oral, inhaled and parenteral absorption in which the drug is “felt” to varying degrees, throughout the body.
*Oral antibiotics for treatment of pneumonias, meningitis and kidney infections

Question 9

Prednisone

Answer 9

Oral - Systemic effects

use to treat a case of poison ivy

Question 10

All drugs

Answer 10

have side effects

Question 11

Side effects

Answer 11

***untoward effects

are unintended consequences of giving a drug

Question 12

using a side effect as a therapeutic effect for a different condition

Answer 12

Narcotics - cause constipation
this could be used for diarrhea

Antihistamines - cause sedation
this could be used for insomnia

Question 13

Drugs side effects can be

Answer 13

mild, temporary, moderate and annoying

Question 14

Adverse Effects

Answer 14

***significant untoward effect

are severe side effects

Question 15

aspirin-like Vioxx - cause what effects?

Answer 15

was taken off the market due to unacceptable cardiovascular toxicity - Adverse effects

Question 16

Accutane

Answer 16

is so dangerous (birth defects) - Adverse effects

still on the market for treating severe cystic acne

Question 17

T.I

Answer 17

Therapeutic index
High T.I when the toxic dose (lethal dose) is much greater than the therapeutic dose

A lower T.I means there is little room for dosing errors.

Question 18

Toxic Effects

Answer 18

All drugs become toxin at high enough blood levels.

Worse than “Side Effects “ and “Adverse Effects “ are Toxic Effects

Question 19

Toxic Effects examples

Answer 19

Aminoglycosides - may cause Ototoxicity (hearing loss)

Nephrotoxicity - kidney damage

Vancomycin - may cause “redman syndrome” itching, flushing, swelling

Metformin - may cause Lactic acidosis

Question 20

How to prevent “Toxic Effects” ?

Answer 20

the appropriate use of drugs

Question 21

Idiosyncratic Reactions

Answer 21

are those which do not involve any of the known pharmacological effects of drug and do not occur in most humans or animals.

***Atypical, unpredicctable and DO NOT involve immune mechanisms.

***are not “allergies”

Question 22

Idiosyncratic Reactions example

Answer 22

sedative-hypnotic drug, which is often given to treat seizure, were itself to cause a seizure.

Question 23

Synergistic

Answer 23

Positive drug - drug interactions

Question 24

Synergism

Answer 24

drug A + drug B =an exaggerated effect (2 + 2=> 4) more than expected

Question 25

Additive effect

Answer 25

What is expected ( 2 + 2 = 4)

Question 26

Example of the drug interaction known as “synergism”

Answer 26

Tylenol and codeine - analgesics work together to produce a better pain relief

Alcohol and tranquilizers - Synergistic

propofol (white stuff) and Valium - use to induce general anesthesia

Question 27

Drug “effects” may be

Answer 27

Additive (1 + 1 = 2) what you expected
Synergistic (1 + 1 = 3) more than expected
Negative (1 + 1 = 1) less than expected

Question 28

opioid pain patch (Duragesic)

Answer 28

designed to release the drug over 3 days. The heated waterbed caused the drug to be released too quckly and killed the man.

Question 29

Negative drug

Answer 29

drug interactions occur where the effect of one drug (or food) interferes or alters the effects of another.

Question 30

Allergic Reactions

Answer 30

is an antigen/antibody immune system reaction and is usually accompanied by the release of histamine.

Question 31

Example of allergic Reactions

Answer 31

Develop a rash
Experience bronchoconstriction
undergo a drop in blood pressure

Question 32

anaphylactic reactions

Answer 32

the very worst kind of allergic reactions which cause edema and impair breathing - lead to shock and even death

Question 33

The 5 “Rights” of medication safety

Answer 33

Right person
Rights medication
Right dose
Right time
Right route

Question 34

Aminoglycosides - cause? what effect (side effect, adverse or toxin?

Answer 34

Toxin effect - may cause Ototoxicity (hearing loss)

Question 35

Nephrotoxicity – cause? what effect (side effect, adverse or toxin?

Answer 35

Toxin effect - may cause kidney damage

Question 36

Vancomycin -cause? what effect (side effect, adverse or toxin?

Answer 36

Toxin effect - may cause “redman syndrome” itching, flushing, swelling

Question 37

Metformin-cause? what effect (side effect, adverse or toxin?

Answer 37

Toxin effect - may cause Lactic acidosis