Exam 1 - Review Flashcards
What is the definition of pharmacology?
Knowledge of drug action
The ancients used diverse substances in an attempt to treat signs and symptoms of many disorders
What is the definition of pharmacy?
Science and profession concerned with
- Preparation
- Dispensing
- Proper utilization of drug products
What is the pharmacologist involved in?
- the design of drugs
- the study of toxic (toxicology)
- the testing and therapeutic use of drugs
What is a prescription drug?
Rx = prescription drug - meaning “prepare to take”
Agents whose sale is restricted and only available with an Rx from a LICENSED provider
Drugs and medicine
A drug becomes a medicine when it is deliberately administered for prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a condition or malady.
What is a nonprescription of OTC drug?
Drugs that can be sold with directions for safe use by the public.
Are nonprescription drugs regulated?
Yes, these drugs are also monitored by the FDA
What are the clinical considerations regarding OTC drugs that you should keep in mind as a provider?
- Maybe cheaper/ useful option for a patient
- May exacerbate a medical condition
- drug interactions
- Maybe used inappropriately
What are the three basic steps of drug development?
- Drug identification
- In vitro testing and animal testing
- Clinical testing
What are the three modern medical uses of drugs?
- Therapeutic use
- Preventive uses
- Diagnostic uses
What happens once a drug is identified?
Animal testing occurs
What are the purposes of animal testing?
- drug characteration
* Determination of a lethal dose
What are the three names that are given to a drug?
- Chemical name - Generic name - Trade name
What is the chemical name of a drug?
which describes the chemical structure of the drug used the manufacturers and chemists
What is the generic name of a drug?
which is the adopted name; Council of experts defines the generic name
What is the trade name of a drug?
only the company which developed the drug can use this patented, protected proprietary name
***registered brand name or trademark given to a specific drug.
How are the five general methods for classifying drugs?
Drug action Molecular target Drug source Chemical nature Generic name
What type of drug classification is “antiviral agent?”
Drug action
What type of drug classification is “Beta-Blocker?”
Molecular target
What type of drug classification is “atropine?”
Drug source
Atropine is a naturally occuring compound from the ATROPA genus of plants
What type of drug classifications are the titles, “steroids, barbiturates, benzodiazepines?”
Chemial nature
What type of drug classification is “atorvastatin?”
Generic name
What is pharmacokinetics?
“What the body does to a drug.”
What is pharmacodynamics?
“What the drug does to the body.”
1803
Morphine isolated from crude opium
1899
Aspirin introduced
1908
Sulfanilamide introduced (first anti-infective drug - not marketed as an anti-infective until early 1930s)
1922
Insulin isolated from animal sources
1942
Penicillin introduced (this antibiotic helped the Allies at the end of WWII
1945
Benadryl introduced (first antihistamine- H1 blocker)
1948
Cortisone introduced (first systemic Cortisosteroid)
1957
First benzodiazepine (Valium-like drug) introduced for “neurosis” - anxiety disorders
1958
Haldol introduced for psychosis (Schizophrenia)
1967
Inderal introduced for hypertension (first beta-blocker)
1977
Tagamet introduced for peptic ulcer disease (first H2 blocker antihistamine)
1982
First drug made using recombinant DNA technology (human insulin-Humulin)
1987
Alteplase (the first recombinant DNA-made “clot buster” - for dissolving blood clots during heart attack and stroke
1987
AZT (zidovudine, Retrovir) introduced (first anti-AIDS drugs)
1999
Celebrex introduced for arthritis (first COX-2 inhibitor)
2000
Many decongestants and appetite suppressants were withdrawn from the market or reformulated when it was discovered that the main ingredients (phynylpropanolamine, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine) were being converted to amphetamines or were found to cause deaths.
2001
Anthrax attack mon the U.S. creates high demand for the fluroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin
2002
Botox introduced for the treatment of facial wrinkles-also used now to treat migraine headaches
2006
Gardasil introduced (first vaccine against cervical cancer- -first vaccine against any cancer)
2007
Zyrtec is sold over the counter in the same dosage strength as its prescription form
