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Pharmacology 2240 - Orrock > Anti-infective Agents - Module 3 > Flashcards

Anti-infective Agents - Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

common infectious diseases

A 
Aid
chiken Pox
Cholera
Leprosy
Mad Cow disease
Measles
Polio
Pneumonia
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2
Q

uncommon infectious diseases

A 
Anthrax
Lockjaw
Rabies
Runny nose
SARS
Stomach Ulcers
Diarrhea
Ebola
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3
Q

3 Anti-infective Agents

A
  • Antibacterials (Antibiotics - treat bacterial infections
  • Antivirals - use in viral infections
  • Antifungal agent - use for fungi
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4
Q

Antibiosis meaning

A

against life

drug that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria

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5
Q

All organisms are split into 5 kg

A
  1. Animal kingdom - organisms that usually move around and find their own food
  2. Plant kingdom - organisms that make their own food and do not actively move around
  3. Fungi kingdom - organisms that absorb food from living and non-living things
  4. Protist Kingdom - organisms that have single, complex cells
  5. Moneran kingdom - organisms that have single, simple cell
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6
Q

Salvarsan

Ehrlich - from Germany

A
    • the organic arsenic compound. first modern antibacterial drug - 1910
  • drug for treating syphilis until penicillin became available in the 1940.
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7
Q

Sulfanilamide(Prontosil)

Gerhard Domagk - from Germany

A

Sulfa antibiotics
the sulfa drugs that have anitbacterial properties work by interfering with “folic acid synthesis” - thereby inhibiting the growth of some bacteria.

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8
Q

Penicillin

A

The antibacterial properties of the common bread mold

  • discovered in 1928 by Alexander Flemming - USA and Scottish biologist.
  • used for the allies in WWII 1942
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9
Q

Penicillins are

A

“bactericidal” meaning they kill bacteria by interfering with cell wall synthesis

  • they all share a common ring structure (the beta lactam ring)
  • work best on “gram-positive” bacteria
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10
Q

Gram-Positive

A
  • Thick cell wall more peptidoglycan
  • Teichoic acid
  • bluish purple color of crystal violet
  • Penicillins work well with gram-positive
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11
Q

Gram-negative

A
  • Thinner layer of peptidoglycan cell wall
  • High lipoprotein - lipopolysaccharides LPS
  • gram-negative cells are resistant to penicillin attack.
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12
Q

Gram-positive and Gram-negative

A

both have a cell wall made up of a sugar called peptidoglycan and a fat-based phospholipid membrance bilayer with membrane-spanning proteins to hold it all together.

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13
Q

Mechanism of Action (MOA) for penicillin type drugs

A

is to inhibit cell wall synthesis

Beta-lactam antibacterials inhibit the synthesis of components of the cell wall

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14
Q

Antimicrobial Activity

A
  1. the drug must reach the site of infection
  2. must be able to penetrate the cell
  3. Reach the target and kill the organism…and not kill the host
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15
Q

Sulfonamide antibacterials

A

work by inhibiting Folic Acid (FA) synthesis. Bacteria need to make their own FA, humans ingest it
***inhibiting the growth of some bacteria

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16
Q

Sulfonamide Antibioltics

A

the first named sulfa drug, Prontosil, is a prodrug: it is converted in the body to sulfanilamide

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17
Q

Modern examples of sulfa antibiotiecs

A
  • Sulfadiazine is one of the ingredients in silver sulfadiazine cream, which is extensively used tor burns
  • Sulfamethoxazole is one of two ingredients in the combination antibacterial drug Septra
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18
Q

Sulfa allergies

A

are common, cause hypersensitivity reations

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19
Q

Sulfates and Sulfites

A

are chemically unrelated to the sulfonamide group, and do not cause the same hypersensitivity reactions seen in the sulfonamides.

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20
Q

Antibiotic (ABX) Resistance

A

Over use of Abx and indiscriminate use in animals has led to a serious problem world wide.

ABX resistant infections cause illnesses and deaths in the USA more than drug overdoses, car accidents, or fire arm assaults

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21
Q

Mechanisms of Resistance - 4 main types

A
  1. Decreased Permeability - ex. Pseudomonas
  2. antibiotic Efflux Pump - ex. S. pneumoniae vs quinolones, macrolides
  3. Drug Inactivation - ex. Beta-lactamase from H. influenzae, Staph, E. Coli, Klebsiella
  4. Altered Target Site
    ex. S. pneumoniae (altered PBPS), S. pneumonia vs macrolides (ribosomal methylase), S. pneumoniae vs quinolones (GyrA, Topo $)
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22
Q

Penicillin Rash

A

Occasionally penicillin type drugs can case a rash but not the allergic dangerous rash. RED WELT that looks like hives

23
Q

Penicillin Allergy

A

Confirm by doing skin testing

The raised RED rash of hives - penicillin that produces these types of reactions should be taken seriously.

24
Q

The Penicillins

A

are “bactericidal”, meaning they kill bacteria by interfering with cell wall synthesis.
* they all share a common righ structure (the beta-lactam ring)

25
Q

Beta-lactam antibacterials

A

inhibit the synthesis of components of the cell wall - inhibiting folate synthesis

26
Q

Traditional antibiotic function by

A

inhibiting DNA or RNA synthesis

27
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

are “broad spectrum” drugs that interfere with the synthesis of bacteria DNA

28
Q

aminoglycoside antibacterilas work

MOA

A

by inhibiting bacterial protein systhesis

29
Q

sulfa drugs or depolarizing membrane

A

potential (daptomycin)

30
Q

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A

is a major problem around the world, causing hospital-acquired infections and more recently, infections in the coomunity

31
Q

The glycopeptides, particularly vancomycin

A

have been the mainstays of therapy for MRSA

32
Q

Penicillin V

A

was developed that was stable in acid and could be taken orally.
**first broad spectrum penicillins

33
Q

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin

A

later became available for the broad spectrum penicillins

34
Q

Broad spectrum penicillins

A

including those of the 3rd and 4th generation are call broad spectrum.
Pnicillin V, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, and Ticarcillin

35
Q

Penicillin G (Bicillin)

A

I.M, I.V

36
Q

Penicillin V or “pen-vee”

A

oral

37
Q

Ticarcillin

A

is one of the newer 3rd - 4th generation drugs

38
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

were discovered next (1943) from studying species of soil bacteria that secrete chemicals that kill other bacteria

39
Q

Aminoglycosides administered

A

most of them have to be administered parenterally (or topically) - usually in the hospital with monitoring of blood levels (due to kidney and hearing toxicities)

40
Q

Streptomycin or gentamicin

A

the first drug discovered in this class of Aminoglycosides

41
Q

Aminoglycoside mechanism of action

A

work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis

42
Q

Beta- lactam (penicillin-like)

A

Cephalosporins - drug developed later on in 1949.

  • secretion from a mold that inhibited nearby bacteria
  • have a beta-lactam ring like penicillins that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis
43
Q

the fungus Cephalosporium

A

was first discovered in a sewer outlet in Sardinia (off the coast of Italy - this is were the first generation cephalosprorins came from

44
Q

Sulfonamide group

A
  • Antidiabetec properties ( Chlorpropamide, Diabinese and glipizide
    • Diuretics - thiazide and loop diuretics
45
Q

Tetracyclines MOA

A

ANTIBACTERIALS INHIBIT BACTERIAL PROTEIN sysnthesis.

**used to be used to treat the STI gonorrhea and syphilis.

46
Q

Generic Tetracyclines cause

A

has a strong affinity of Ca++ and it can cause staining of the teeth in young children.

47
Q

Fluoroquinolones MOA

A

Inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis directly

48
Q

Fluoroquinolones - black fox warning by FDA

A

pt on fluoroquinolone antibiotics are at risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture.

49
Q

Fluoroquinolones Adverse Effects

A

Tendon rupture

Children

50
Q

Macrolides

A

are the erythromycin-like” drugs. broad spectrum ABX that interfere with bacterial protein systhesis

  • can be used in people who are allergic to penicillins
51
Q

Macrolides and Ketolide MOA

A

antibacterials work by inhibiting bacterial protein sysnthesis

52
Q

Narrow-spectrum

A
  • it only owrked against either gram + or gram - organisms.

Ex. Penicillin first came out like the sulfonamides.
Aminoglycosides like streptomycin,
Glycopeptides like vancomycin

53
Q

Broad Spectrum

A

worked equally well against a variety of gram + and gram-

Ex. Tetracycline, Cephalosporins, Fluroquinolones, carbapenems and Monobactams

Pharmacology 2240 - Orrock (17 decks)

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