Module 1 Flashcards
Modern medical uses of drugs
- Therapeutic uses
- Preventive uses
- diagnostic uses
Drugs derived from…
Plant, animal or mineral sources
Drugs derived from Plant sources
- digitalis (Lanoxin)
- scopolamine
- ephedrine
- galantamine
- aspirin
- morphine
Digitalis (Lanoxin)
is derived from foxglove plant (it is used in CHF to decrease contraction of the heart)
Scopolamine
derived from the belladonna plant and was used by Italian women as cosmetics to dilate the eyes
ephedrine
comes from the ephedra species and is used as a bronchodilator and decongestant
galantamine (Reminyl)
is a new drug, derived from daffodil bulbs, and used to treat Alzheimer disease
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
comes from the Bark of the willow tree. It is used to decrease inflammation, relieve pain, reduce a fever, and prevent platelets form “sticking together”
morphine
derived from opium poppies
Botox
is a much diluted form of the botulinum toxin (deadly form of food poisoning)
is used extensively for cosmetic treatment of facial wrinkle
it is also used by injection for muscle spasticity and to treat migraine H.A
Drugs derived from Animal sources
- Thyroid Hormone
- Premarin
- Insulin
Drugs derived from Mineral sources
- Potassium
- Lithium
- Iron
- Calcium
Thyroid Hormone
from various animals
Premarin (estrogen)
from pregnant Mares urine
Insulin
used to come from the pancreases of cows and pis
What is meant by patent medicine
were proprietary drug formulations commonly sold out of the backs of wagons and then cars, before the institution of strong federal and state drug laws.
- The ingredients of a patent drug were usually not labelled, with the manufacturer claiming “trade secrets”
- refers to medical compounds of questionable effectiveness sold under a variety of names and labels.
Wiley Act 1906
The Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 stipulated that food and drug manufacturers use “pure ingredients and accurate labeling”
***first federal drug legislation
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
***has the authority to “pull a drug” off the market for valid reasons, or force the manufacturers or correct misleading advertising about their drugs
The FDCA 1938
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
Introduced many provisions previously lacking (not only requiring”purity” of ingredients, but also mandating “safety tests” on proposed new drugs
FDA Protections
Recalls certain drug and food lots because of various types of manufacturing defects:
- contamination
- the “shelf-life” is not as long as advertised
- ingredients have fallen “below the tolerance standard”
- new or worse than expected “side effects” are uncovered
DSHEA
Dietary Supplements and Health Education Act
FDA Modernization Act 1997
FDA reforms in the AIDS Era - 1997 pres Clinton signed into law a major update to the FDCA. “shortened approval time”
The Three Names of Drugs
- Chemical
- Generic
- Trade or Brand
SR
SLOW RELEASE
DS
Double Strength
Slow-K
slow release form of potassium
b.i.d
twice a day
IND
Investigational New Drug
Clinical (human) trials
there are three classic phases of clinical trials
- phase 1 - involve a small number 10 - 100 - healthy
- phase 2 - larger group of volunteer 50 - 500 - have the disease. new drug fails to live up to its potential, it dropped during this phase.
- phase 3 - large patient groups (with the disease being tested)
double–blind study group
the observer and the patient DO NOT know if the patient is on the study drug of placebo.
OTC
Over-the -counter
Sublingual
drug is NOT swallowed but placed under the tongue to be absorbed by the large blood vessels found there.
Nasogastric
drug is given through an NG tube
Gastrostomy Tube
is surgically placed directly into the stomach or small intestines (routes of drug administration)
Rectal Suppositories
are a solid form of glycerin or cocoa butter and are especially useful in the very young or if the patient is vomiting
Vaginal Creams and Suppositories
for treatment of infections and irritations of the vaginal tract
Topicals
Creams and ointments, eye drops, Nasal Sprays
Transdermally
Patches applied to the skin. Steady blood levels can be achieved in some medication.
Inhalation
is a very effective way to give some aerosolized liquid medications (and very fine powders) to achieve a fast active response.
Parenteral
Not oral. Anything given by injection
Subcutaneous (insulin shots) and Intraderma (allergy shots)
given just under the skin but above the muscle layer
IM
Intramuscular
means injection directly into muscles, which are well supplied with blood vessels so drugs are absorbed more quickly
IV
Intravenous
is the fastest parenteral injection
DSHEA 1994
Restricts FDA regulation of dietary supplements
Orphan Drug Act 1983
Facilitated development of drugs for “unprofitable” disorders.
Controlled Substances Act 1970
restricted drugs by addiction potential and abuse
Prescription Drug Amendment
defined with medications is Rx and which one is OTC
Harrison Nacrcotic Act 1914
regulate and restrict addictive supstances
