Module 1

Question 1

Modern medical uses of drugs

Answer 1

1. Therapeutic uses
2. Preventive uses
3. diagnostic uses

Question 2

Drugs derived from…

Answer 2

Plant, animal or mineral sources

Question 3

Drugs derived from Plant sources

Answer 3

1. digitalis (Lanoxin)
2. scopolamine
3. ephedrine
4. galantamine
5. aspirin
6. morphine

Question 4

Digitalis (Lanoxin)

Answer 4

is derived from foxglove plant (it is used in CHF to decrease contraction of the heart)

Question 5

Scopolamine

Answer 5

derived from the belladonna plant and was used by Italian women as cosmetics to dilate the eyes

Question 6

ephedrine

Answer 6

comes from the ephedra species and is used as a bronchodilator and decongestant

Question 7

galantamine (Reminyl)

Answer 7

is a new drug, derived from daffodil bulbs, and used to treat Alzheimer disease

Question 8

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)

Answer 8

comes from the Bark of the willow tree. It is used to decrease inflammation, relieve pain, reduce a fever, and prevent platelets form “sticking together”

Question 9

morphine

Answer 9

derived from opium poppies

Question 10

Botox

Answer 10

is a much diluted form of the botulinum toxin (deadly form of food poisoning)
is used extensively for cosmetic treatment of facial wrinkle
it is also used by injection for muscle spasticity and to treat migraine H.A

Question 11

Drugs derived from Animal sources

Answer 11

1. Thyroid Hormone
2. Premarin
3. Insulin

Question 12

Drugs derived from Mineral sources

Answer 12

1. Potassium
2. Lithium
3. Iron
4. Calcium

Question 13

Thyroid Hormone

Answer 13

from various animals

Question 14

Premarin (estrogen)

Answer 14

from pregnant Mares urine

Question 15

Insulin

Answer 15

used to come from the pancreases of cows and pis

Question 16

What is meant by patent medicine

Answer 16

were proprietary drug formulations commonly sold out of the backs of wagons and then cars, before the institution of strong federal and state drug laws.

• The ingredients of a patent drug were usually not labelled, with the manufacturer claiming “trade secrets”
• refers to medical compounds of questionable effectiveness sold under a variety of names and labels.

Question 17

Wiley Act 1906

Answer 17

The Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 stipulated that food and drug manufacturers use “pure ingredients and accurate labeling”
***first federal drug legislation

Question 18

FDA

Answer 18

Food and Drug Administration
***has the authority to “pull a drug” off the market for valid reasons, or force the manufacturers or correct misleading advertising about their drugs

Question 19

The FDCA 1938

Answer 19

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
Introduced many provisions previously lacking (not only requiring”purity” of ingredients, but also mandating “safety tests” on proposed new drugs

Question 20

FDA Protections

Answer 20

Recalls certain drug and food lots because of various types of manufacturing defects:

1. contamination
2. the “shelf-life” is not as long as advertised
3. ingredients have fallen “below the tolerance standard”
4. new or worse than expected “side effects” are uncovered

Question 21

DSHEA

Answer 21

Dietary Supplements and Health Education Act

Question 22

FDA Modernization Act 1997

Answer 22

FDA reforms in the AIDS Era - 1997 pres Clinton signed into law a major update to the FDCA. “shortened approval time”

Question 23

The Three Names of Drugs

Answer 23

1. Chemical
2. Generic
3. Trade or Brand

Question 24

SR

Answer 24

SLOW RELEASE

Question 25

DS

Answer 25

Double Strength

Question 26

Slow-K

Answer 26

slow release form of potassium

Question 27

b.i.d

Answer 27

twice a day

Question 28

IND

Answer 28

Investigational New Drug

Question 29

Clinical (human) trials

Answer 29

there are three classic phases of clinical trials

1. phase 1 - involve a small number 10 - 100 - healthy
2. phase 2 - larger group of volunteer 50 - 500 - have the disease. new drug fails to live up to its potential, it dropped during this phase.
3. phase 3 - large patient groups (with the disease being tested)

Question 30

double–blind study group

Answer 30

the observer and the patient DO NOT know if the patient is on the study drug of placebo.

Question 31

OTC

Answer 31

Over-the -counter

Question 32

Sublingual

Answer 32

drug is NOT swallowed but placed under the tongue to be absorbed by the large blood vessels found there.

Question 33

Nasogastric

Answer 33

drug is given through an NG tube

Question 34

Gastrostomy Tube

Answer 34

is surgically placed directly into the stomach or small intestines (routes of drug administration)

Question 35

Rectal Suppositories

Answer 35

are a solid form of glycerin or cocoa butter and are especially useful in the very young or if the patient is vomiting

Question 36

Vaginal Creams and Suppositories

Answer 36

for treatment of infections and irritations of the vaginal tract

Question 37

Topicals

Answer 37

Creams and ointments, eye drops, Nasal Sprays

Question 38

Transdermally

Answer 38

Patches applied to the skin. Steady blood levels can be achieved in some medication.

Question 39

Inhalation

Answer 39

is a very effective way to give some aerosolized liquid medications (and very fine powders) to achieve a fast active response.

Question 40

Parenteral

Answer 40

Not oral. Anything given by injection

Question 41

Subcutaneous (insulin shots) and Intraderma (allergy shots)

Answer 41

given just under the skin but above the muscle layer

Question 42

IM

Answer 42

Intramuscular

means injection directly into muscles, which are well supplied with blood vessels so drugs are absorbed more quickly

Question 43

IV

Answer 43

Intravenous

is the fastest parenteral injection

Question 44

DSHEA 1994

Answer 44

Restricts FDA regulation of dietary supplements

Question 45

Orphan Drug Act 1983

Answer 45

Facilitated development of drugs for “unprofitable” disorders.

Question 46

Controlled Substances Act 1970

Answer 46

restricted drugs by addiction potential and abuse

Question 47

Prescription Drug Amendment

Answer 47

defined with medications is Rx and which one is OTC

Question 48

Harrison Nacrcotic Act 1914

Answer 48

regulate and restrict addictive supstances