Module 2 Flashcards
Pectoral Girdle
Clavicles and Scapluae (Shoulder Blades)
Pelvic Girdle
Coxal (hip) bones and Vertebrae (Sacral and coccygeal)
12 ribs
- Most connect to ribs via cartilage
- Lowest two “float”
Scapulae
Should Blades
Vertebrae list
- 7 cervical (neck)
- 12 thoracic (chest)
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 5 coccygeal
Respiratory System Components
Pulmonary Apparatus and Chest Wall
Pulmonary System Components
Lungs and (lower) airways
Chest Wall Components
- Rib Cage Wall
- Abdominal Wall
- Diaphragm
- Abdominal Content
Lower Airways
-Trachea
-Main stem bronchi
-Lobar Bronchi (to each lobe of the five lobes, 20+ generations of divisions)
-Alveoli (Where gas exchange occurs)
Describe Pleural Linkage
-Lungs covered by visceral pleura
-Inner chest wall connected by parietal pleura
-“Pleural Linkage” connects lungs to chest wall via a fluid
Rib Cage Wall
-Forms most of the thorax
-Surrounds the lungs (except at the bottom)
-Consists of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, sternum, and pectoral girdle
Diaphragm
-Forms the floor of the thorax
-Means “fence between” (thorax and abdomen)
Abdominal Wall
-Consists of 15 vertebrae (lumbar, sacral, coccygeal), pelvic girdle, muscles, and connective tissue (abdominal aponeurosis and lumbodorsal fascia)
Abdominal Content
-Includes stomach, intestines, etc.
-Essentially the density of water
-Suspended from undersurface of diaphragm by suction force
Passive Force
-Natural recoil of muscles, cartilages, ligaments, and lung tissue
-Surface tension of the alveoli
-Pull of gravity
Active Force
-Rib cage wall muscles
-Diaphragm muscle
-Abdominal wall muscles
Inspiratory Muscles
Rib cage wall and diaphragm
Expiratory muscles
Rib cage wall and abdominal wall
Relevant Respiratory Pressure
Passive and active (muscular) forces manifest as pressures within the respiratory system
-Alveolar Pressure
-Pleural Pressure
-Abdominal Pressure
-Transdiaphragmatic pressure
Alveolar Pressure
Inside the lungs (most important for speech production)
-Represents the sum of all the passive and active forces operating on the respiratory system
Pleural pressure
Inside the thorax and outside the lungs (between the pleural membranes)
Abdominal Pressure
Within the abdominal cavity
Transdiaphragmatic Pressure
difference between pleural and abdominal pressures
Diaphragm Dome vs. Flattened
-Flattened for inspiration
-Domed for expiration
Relative Movements
-Rib cage wall covers three times more surface area of the lungs than the abdominal wall-diaphragm
-Therefore, small movements of the rib cage wall can have large effects on lung volume change and alveolar pressure change
Respiratory Control Variables
-Lung Volume
-Alveolar Pressure
-Chest Wall Shape
Lung Volume
-Reflects the size of the respiratory system
-Lung volume change (without pressure change) requires an open larynx and upper airway
-Divided into lung volumes and capacities
Tidal Volume
The volume of air inspired or expired during the breathing cycle
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
The maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the tidal end inspiratory level
Expiratory Reserve Volume
The maximum volume of air that can be expired from the tidal end expiratory level
Residual Volume
The volume of air remaining at the end of a maximum expiration
Inspiratory Capacity
The maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the resting end expiratory level
-IC=TV + IRV
Vital Capacity
The maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration (or inspired after a maximum expiration)
-VC=IC + ERV
Funcitonal Residual Capacity
The amount of air in the pulmonary apparatus at the resting tidal end-expiratory level
-FRC=ERV + RV
Total Lung Capacity
The volume of air in the pulmonary apparatus after a maximum inspiration
-TLC=VC + RV
Primary driver of inspiration
Diaphragm
Primary driver of expiration
Passive force (recoil)
Upright Running Speech Shape
-Chest wall shape is characterized by a smaller-than-relaxed abdominal wall and a larger-than-relaxed rib cage wall
-Inward displacement of the abdominal wall “tunes” the diaphragm for quick inspirations and “tunes” the expiratory rib cage wall muscles for quick pressure pulses
Variables that influence Respiratory Structure and Function
-Body Position
-Body Type
-Age
-Sex
-Cognitive Linguistic Variables
-Social variables
Mucosa
Combined epithelium and superficial layer of lp
Vocal ligament
Intermediate and deep layers of LP
