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Anatomy & Physiology of the Speech Mechanism > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A

Clavicles and Scapluae (Shoulder Blades)

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2
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

Coxal (hip) bones and Vertebrae (Sacral and coccygeal)

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3
Q

12 ribs

A
  • Most connect to ribs via cartilage

- Lowest two “float”

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4
Q

Scapulae

A

Should Blades

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5
Q

Vertebrae list

A
  • 7 cervical (neck)
  • 12 thoracic (chest)
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 5 coccygeal
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6
Q

Respiratory System Components

A

Pulmonary Apparatus and Chest Wall

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7
Q

Pulmonary System Components

A

Lungs and (lower) airways

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8
Q

Chest Wall Components

A
  • Rib Cage Wall
  • Abdominal Wall
  • Diaphragm
  • Abdominal Content
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9
Q

Lower Airways

A

-Trachea
-Main stem bronchi
-Lobar Bronchi (to each lobe of the five lobes, 20+ generations of divisions)
-Alveoli (Where gas exchange occurs)

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10
Q

Describe Pleural Linkage

A

-Lungs covered by visceral pleura
-Inner chest wall connected by parietal pleura
-“Pleural Linkage” connects lungs to chest wall via a fluid

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11
Q

Rib Cage Wall

A

-Forms most of the thorax
-Surrounds the lungs (except at the bottom)
-Consists of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, sternum, and pectoral girdle

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12
Q

Diaphragm

A

-Forms the floor of the thorax
-Means “fence between” (thorax and abdomen)

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13
Q

Abdominal Wall

A

-Consists of 15 vertebrae (lumbar, sacral, coccygeal), pelvic girdle, muscles, and connective tissue (abdominal aponeurosis and lumbodorsal fascia)

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14
Q

Abdominal Content

A

-Includes stomach, intestines, etc.
-Essentially the density of water
-Suspended from undersurface of diaphragm by suction force

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15
Q

Passive Force

A

-Natural recoil of muscles, cartilages, ligaments, and lung tissue
-Surface tension of the alveoli
-Pull of gravity

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16
Q

Active Force

A

-Rib cage wall muscles
-Diaphragm muscle
-Abdominal wall muscles

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17
Q

Inspiratory Muscles

A

Rib cage wall and diaphragm

18
Q

Expiratory muscles

A

Rib cage wall and abdominal wall

19
Q

Relevant Respiratory Pressure

A

Passive and active (muscular) forces manifest as pressures within the respiratory system

-Alveolar Pressure
-Pleural Pressure
-Abdominal Pressure
-Transdiaphragmatic pressure

20
Q

Alveolar Pressure

A

Inside the lungs (most important for speech production)

-Represents the sum of all the passive and active forces operating on the respiratory system

21
Q

Pleural pressure

A

Inside the thorax and outside the lungs (between the pleural membranes)

22
Q

Abdominal Pressure

A

Within the abdominal cavity

23
Q

Transdiaphragmatic Pressure

A

difference between pleural and abdominal pressures

24
Q

Diaphragm Dome vs. Flattened

A

-Flattened for inspiration
-Domed for expiration

25
Q

Relative Movements

A

-Rib cage wall covers three times more surface area of the lungs than the abdominal wall-diaphragm

-Therefore, small movements of the rib cage wall can have large effects on lung volume change and alveolar pressure change

26
Q

Respiratory Control Variables

A

-Lung Volume
-Alveolar Pressure
-Chest Wall Shape

27
Q

Lung Volume

A

-Reflects the size of the respiratory system
-Lung volume change (without pressure change) requires an open larynx and upper airway
-Divided into lung volumes and capacities

28
Q

Tidal Volume

A

The volume of air inspired or expired during the breathing cycle

29
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the tidal end inspiratory level

30
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The maximum volume of air that can be expired from the tidal end expiratory level

31
Q

Residual Volume

A

The volume of air remaining at the end of a maximum expiration

32
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the resting end expiratory level

-IC=TV + IRV

33
Q

Vital Capacity

A

The maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration (or inspired after a maximum expiration)

-VC=IC + ERV

34
Q

Funcitonal Residual Capacity

A

The amount of air in the pulmonary apparatus at the resting tidal end-expiratory level

-FRC=ERV + RV

35
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

The volume of air in the pulmonary apparatus after a maximum inspiration

-TLC=VC + RV

36
Q

Primary driver of inspiration

A

Diaphragm

37
Q

Primary driver of expiration

A

Passive force (recoil)

38
Q

Upright Running Speech Shape

A

-Chest wall shape is characterized by a smaller-than-relaxed abdominal wall and a larger-than-relaxed rib cage wall

-Inward displacement of the abdominal wall “tunes” the diaphragm for quick inspirations and “tunes” the expiratory rib cage wall muscles for quick pressure pulses

39
Q

Variables that influence Respiratory Structure and Function

A

-Body Position
-Body Type
-Age
-Sex
-Cognitive Linguistic Variables
-Social variables

40
Q

Mucosa

A

Combined epithelium and superficial layer of lp

41
Q

Vocal ligament

A

Intermediate and deep layers of LP

Anatomy & Physiology of the Speech Mechanism (18 decks)

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