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Anatomy & Physiology of the Speech Mechanism > Final Exam Mod. 4 > Flashcards

Final Exam Mod. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial Bones List

A

-Temporal (2)
-Parietal (2)
-Occipital (1)
-Frontal (1)
-Sphenoid (1)
-Ethmoid (1)

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2
Q

Facial Bones List

A

-Maxillary (2)
-Mandible (1)
-Palatine (2)
-Vomer (1)
-Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
-Lacrimal (2)
-Nasal (2)
-Zygomatic (2)

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3
Q

Pharynx

A

-Oval tube
-Larger side to side
-Larger front to back
-Connective tissue mostly on top
-Muscle mostly on bottom
-Continuous with esophagus at lower end

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4
Q

Three Cavities of the Pharynx

A

-Nasopharynx (bounded by level of hard palate)

-Oropharynx (bounded by level of hyoid bone)

-Laryngopharynx (bounded by level of cricoid cartilage)

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5
Q

Nasopharynx contain…

A

-Auditory tubes
-Nasopharyngeal tonsil

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6
Q

Oropharynx

A

-Opening is through faucial isthmus (bounded by anterior faucial pillars)

-Contains palatine tonsils and lingual tonsil

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7
Q

Pharynx open anteriorly through…

A

Faucial Isthmus

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8
Q

Pharynx connects inferiorly to…

A

esophagus

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9
Q

Velum

A

-“Curtain”
-Consists of soft palate and uvula
-Covered with connective tissue
-Muscle fibers most numerous in middle portion; scarce at front and back

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10
Q

Nasal Cavities

A

-aka Nasal Fossae
-Separated by nasal septum
-Cartilage in front
-Bone in back
-Floor is hard palate

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11
Q

Nasal Cavities

A

-Lateral walls are made of conchae (curled and convoluted bones)

-aka Nasal Turbinates

-Rich blood supply

-Nasal vestibule at front

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12
Q

Part of the velum that hangs down

A

Uvula

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13
Q

Paranasal Sinus List

A

-Frontal Sinus
-Ethmoidal Sinuses
-Sphenoid Sinus (in sphenoid bone)
-Maxillary Sinus
-Nasal Passage
-Superior, Middle, and Inferior Nasal Concha

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14
Q

Passive Forces

A

-Recoil of muscles, cartilages, and connective tissues
-Surface tension
-Gravity
-Aeromechanical forces

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15
Q

Active Forces

A

-Muscles of Pharynx (6)
-Muscles of Velum (5)
-Muscles of Outer Nose (5)

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16
Q

Pharynx Muscles

A

-Superior Constrictor
-Middle Constrictor
-Inferior Constrictor
-Salpingopharyngeus
-Stylopharyngues
-Palatopharyngeus

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17
Q

Muscle that Widens Pharynx

A

Stylopharyngeus

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18
Q

What happens when the velum is up?

A

Air/sound can’t pass through the nasal cavity

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19
Q

Velum Muscles List

A

-Palatal Levator
-Uvula
-Glossopalatine
-Pharyngopalatine
-Palatal Tensor

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20
Q

Only Intrinsic Muscle of Velum

A

Uvulus

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21
Q

Muscle that dilates Auditory Tube but does not influence velum

A

Palatal Tensor

22
Q

Which Muscles raise the Velum?

A

-Palator Levator & Uvulus

23
Q

Outer Nose Muscles List

A

-Levator Labii Superiosis Alaeque Nasi
-Anterior Nasal Dilator
-Posterior Nasal Dilator
-Nasalis
-Despresso Alae Nasi

24
Q

Pharynx Movementes

A
  1. Lengthening/Shortening by vertical movements of larynx
  2. Inward/outward movements of lateral pharyngeal walls
  3. Forward/backward movements of posterior laryngeal walls
  4. Forward/backward movements of velum, tongue, and epiglottis
25
Q

Velum Movements

A
  1. Mainly upward/backward and downward/forward
  2. Becomes hooked when moving upward/backward
26
Q

Top of hook of velum

A

Velar eminence

27
Q

Undersurface of hook of velum

A

Velar dimple

28
Q

Nose Movements

A

-Anterior nares open for breathing

-Anterior nares can be dilated by nasal dilator muscles

-Anterior nares can be constricted by nasal constrictor muscles and aeromechanical forces

29
Q

Ways to Close Velopharyngeal port size

A

A) Elevate Velum
B) Move lateral pharyngeal walls inward
C) A & B
D) Both A & B and move posterior pharyngeal wall forward

30
Q

Which muscles lower the velum

A

Glossopalatine and Pharyngopalatine

31
Q

Palatopharyngeus is a _____ muscle

A

Pharyngeal

32
Q

Pharyngopalatine is a _____ muscle

A

Velar

33
Q

3 velopharyngeal control variables

A
  1. Velopharyngeal-nasal airway resistance
  2. Velopharyngeal sphincter compression
  3. Velopharyngeal-nasal acoustic impedance
34
Q

Velopharyngeal-Nasal Airway Resistance

A

-Opposition to airflow through the velopharyngeal-nasal airway

-Can be altered by changes in cross-section/length of VP port, engorgement of nasal cavities, and/or cross-section of the anterior nares

-Resistance also changes with the speed of airflow

35
Q

Velopharyngeal Sphincter Compression

A

-Velopharynx can be closed with low compression force (gently) or high compressive force (forcefully)

-VP muscles determine level of this compressive force

-Different tasks require different levels of compressive force

36
Q

Velopharyngeal-Nasal Acoustic Impedance

A

-Opposition to flow of sound offered by VP-nasal apparatus

-VP port status (degree of opening) is the most important determinant of VP-nasal impedance

37
Q

Ventilation

A

-Resting tidal breathing occurs through nose (even though resistance is higher than mouth)

38
Q

Advantages of Nasal Inspiration

A
  1. Incoming air is converted to body temperature, humidified, and filtered
  2. Flow is slowed to enhance alveolar gas exchange
39
Q

Sustained Vowel Production

A

-May or may not be produced with a fully closed VP port

-High vowels are more likely to be produced with a closed velopharynx, greater velar height, and greater closure of contact between velum and posterior pharyngeal wall

40
Q

Mechanical vowel height difference

A

Low vowels restrict elevation of the velum (via glossopalatine muscle)

41
Q

Acoustic Perceptual Factors

A

-low vowels are less likely to be perceived as nasal

-greater VP closure for high vowels helps increase perception of an oral vowel

42
Q

Sustained Consonant Production

A

-Sustained fricative consonants (like /z/) are produced with a closed velopharynx

-Sustained nasal consonants are produced with an open velopharynx

43
Q

VP articulation speed

A

VP articulation is as fast as the articulation of tongue, lips, and mandible

44
Q

Consonants effect on VP

A

-Consonants have primacy of control because they rely on appropriate management of airstream

-Pressure consonants (stops, fricatives, affricates) demand a closed VP port, whereas nasal consonants demand an open one

45
Q

Running speech Inspirations

A

Inspirations during running speech production are produced with an open Velopharynx and mouth to create a low resistance pathway

46
Q

Body Position

A

-Nasal patency decreases and nasal airway resistance increases in supine

-ie, you feel more congested in supine vs upright

47
Q

Development of VP

A

-many structural changes
-Velum and epiglottis separate as larynx moves down
-hard and soft palates grow

-Infants preferential nasal breathers
-Adenoids grow then atrophy

48
Q

VP Insufficiency

A

Caused by structural abnormalities

49
Q

VP Incompetence

A

Caused by muscle weakness or paralysis

50
Q

VP dysfunction speech problems

A
  1. Difficult to build air pressure in oral cavity for high-pressure sounds (stops, fricatives, affricates)
  2. Hypernasal quality

Anatomy & Physiology of the Speech Mechanism (18 decks)

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