Final Exam Mod. 4 Flashcards
Cranial Bones List
-Temporal (2)
-Parietal (2)
-Occipital (1)
-Frontal (1)
-Sphenoid (1)
-Ethmoid (1)
Facial Bones List
-Maxillary (2)
-Mandible (1)
-Palatine (2)
-Vomer (1)
-Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
-Lacrimal (2)
-Nasal (2)
-Zygomatic (2)
Pharynx
-Oval tube
-Larger side to side
-Larger front to back
-Connective tissue mostly on top
-Muscle mostly on bottom
-Continuous with esophagus at lower end
Three Cavities of the Pharynx
-Nasopharynx (bounded by level of hard palate)
-Oropharynx (bounded by level of hyoid bone)
-Laryngopharynx (bounded by level of cricoid cartilage)
Nasopharynx contain…
-Auditory tubes
-Nasopharyngeal tonsil
Oropharynx
-Opening is through faucial isthmus (bounded by anterior faucial pillars)
-Contains palatine tonsils and lingual tonsil
Pharynx open anteriorly through…
Faucial Isthmus
Pharynx connects inferiorly to…
esophagus
Velum
-“Curtain”
-Consists of soft palate and uvula
-Covered with connective tissue
-Muscle fibers most numerous in middle portion; scarce at front and back
Nasal Cavities
-aka Nasal Fossae
-Separated by nasal septum
-Cartilage in front
-Bone in back
-Floor is hard palate
Nasal Cavities
-Lateral walls are made of conchae (curled and convoluted bones)
-aka Nasal Turbinates
-Rich blood supply
-Nasal vestibule at front
Part of the velum that hangs down
Uvula
Paranasal Sinus List
-Frontal Sinus
-Ethmoidal Sinuses
-Sphenoid Sinus (in sphenoid bone)
-Maxillary Sinus
-Nasal Passage
-Superior, Middle, and Inferior Nasal Concha
Passive Forces
-Recoil of muscles, cartilages, and connective tissues
-Surface tension
-Gravity
-Aeromechanical forces
Active Forces
-Muscles of Pharynx (6)
-Muscles of Velum (5)
-Muscles of Outer Nose (5)
Pharynx Muscles
-Superior Constrictor
-Middle Constrictor
-Inferior Constrictor
-Salpingopharyngeus
-Stylopharyngues
-Palatopharyngeus
Muscle that Widens Pharynx
Stylopharyngeus
What happens when the velum is up?
Air/sound can’t pass through the nasal cavity
Velum Muscles List
-Palatal Levator
-Uvula
-Glossopalatine
-Pharyngopalatine
-Palatal Tensor
Only Intrinsic Muscle of Velum
Uvulus
Muscle that dilates Auditory Tube but does not influence velum
Palatal Tensor
Which Muscles raise the Velum?
-Palator Levator & Uvulus
Outer Nose Muscles List
-Levator Labii Superiosis Alaeque Nasi
-Anterior Nasal Dilator
-Posterior Nasal Dilator
-Nasalis
-Despresso Alae Nasi
Pharynx Movementes
- Lengthening/Shortening by vertical movements of larynx
- Inward/outward movements of lateral pharyngeal walls
- Forward/backward movements of posterior laryngeal walls
- Forward/backward movements of velum, tongue, and epiglottis
Velum Movements
- Mainly upward/backward and downward/forward
- Becomes hooked when moving upward/backward
Top of hook of velum
Velar eminence
Undersurface of hook of velum
Velar dimple
Nose Movements
-Anterior nares open for breathing
-Anterior nares can be dilated by nasal dilator muscles
-Anterior nares can be constricted by nasal constrictor muscles and aeromechanical forces
Ways to Close Velopharyngeal port size
A) Elevate Velum
B) Move lateral pharyngeal walls inward
C) A & B
D) Both A & B and move posterior pharyngeal wall forward
Which muscles lower the velum
Glossopalatine and Pharyngopalatine
Palatopharyngeus is a _____ muscle
Pharyngeal
Pharyngopalatine is a _____ muscle
Velar
3 velopharyngeal control variables
- Velopharyngeal-nasal airway resistance
- Velopharyngeal sphincter compression
- Velopharyngeal-nasal acoustic impedance
Velopharyngeal-Nasal Airway Resistance
-Opposition to airflow through the velopharyngeal-nasal airway
-Can be altered by changes in cross-section/length of VP port, engorgement of nasal cavities, and/or cross-section of the anterior nares
-Resistance also changes with the speed of airflow
Velopharyngeal Sphincter Compression
-Velopharynx can be closed with low compression force (gently) or high compressive force (forcefully)
-VP muscles determine level of this compressive force
-Different tasks require different levels of compressive force
Velopharyngeal-Nasal Acoustic Impedance
-Opposition to flow of sound offered by VP-nasal apparatus
-VP port status (degree of opening) is the most important determinant of VP-nasal impedance
Ventilation
-Resting tidal breathing occurs through nose (even though resistance is higher than mouth)
Advantages of Nasal Inspiration
- Incoming air is converted to body temperature, humidified, and filtered
- Flow is slowed to enhance alveolar gas exchange
Sustained Vowel Production
-May or may not be produced with a fully closed VP port
-High vowels are more likely to be produced with a closed velopharynx, greater velar height, and greater closure of contact between velum and posterior pharyngeal wall
Mechanical vowel height difference
Low vowels restrict elevation of the velum (via glossopalatine muscle)
Acoustic Perceptual Factors
-low vowels are less likely to be perceived as nasal
-greater VP closure for high vowels helps increase perception of an oral vowel
Sustained Consonant Production
-Sustained fricative consonants (like /z/) are produced with a closed velopharynx
-Sustained nasal consonants are produced with an open velopharynx
VP articulation speed
VP articulation is as fast as the articulation of tongue, lips, and mandible
Consonants effect on VP
-Consonants have primacy of control because they rely on appropriate management of airstream
-Pressure consonants (stops, fricatives, affricates) demand a closed VP port, whereas nasal consonants demand an open one
Running speech Inspirations
Inspirations during running speech production are produced with an open Velopharynx and mouth to create a low resistance pathway
Body Position
-Nasal patency decreases and nasal airway resistance increases in supine
-ie, you feel more congested in supine vs upright
Development of VP
-many structural changes
-Velum and epiglottis separate as larynx moves down
-hard and soft palates grow
-Infants preferential nasal breathers
-Adenoids grow then atrophy
VP Insufficiency
Caused by structural abnormalities
VP Incompetence
Caused by muscle weakness or paralysis
VP dysfunction speech problems
- Difficult to build air pressure in oral cavity for high-pressure sounds (stops, fricatives, affricates)
- Hypernasal quality
