MODULE 1 Unit 1: Parasitology Terminologies and Historical Background Flashcards
Parasitology is the study of
parasitic organisms
protozoa
worms (helminths).
These are the different branches of microbiology based on taxonomic classification. [?], the study of protozoa, is one of them.
Protozoology
The word “parasite” is derived from the Greek words [?], meaning beside, and [?], meaning wheat, hence food. This indicates two organisms living in tandem with each other.
- para
- sitos
When the word suffix –logy, meaning “study,” is added to the term para + sitos –, the almost exact meaning of the entire word parasitology, would be a
“study of those living closely to each other.”
is a branch of biology that is concerned with the study of living organisms that take up their abode on or within another living organism.
Parasitology
is the living organism that depends on another living organism for nourishment and survival.
parasite
is defined as the organism which harbors the parasite, provides nourishment and shelter to the latter, and is relatively larger than the parasite.
Host
A parasite that inhabits only the body surface, such as the skin or hair, is known as
ectoparasite
are examples of ectoparasites.
Lice and mites
is often employed for parasitization with ectoparasites.
infestation
A parasite which lives within the body of the host is called an
endoparasite
The invasion of a parasite within the body of the host, such as in the GIT, in the tissues, or intracellularly, is known as
infection
Most of the parasites causing human disease are
endoparasites
refers to infestation or infection with parasites.
Parasitosis
[?], one of the largest fields in parasitology, is the subject that deals with the parasites that infect humans, the diseases caused by them, clinical picture and the response generated by humans against them. It is also concerned with the various methods of their diagnosis, treatment and finally their prevention & control.
Medical (Clinical) Parasitology
The parasites that are of medical importance are categorized into three (3) major groups:
protozoa, helminths, arthropods.
are classified under kingdom Protista, subkingdom Protozoa.
protozoa
These are single-celled eukaryotic and heterotrophic microorganisms, morphologically and functionally complete and can perform all functions of life.
Protozoa [Greek [?], first; + Greek [?], zoon, living being, animal] are animal-like protists, referring to their motility in particular.
- proto-
- zoion
When Robert Whittaker assigned protozoa to the Kingdom Protista in 1969, he did so as a matter of convenience, rather than on the basis of evolutionary relationships.
Classifying [?] into taxonomic groups is an ongoing process, and their status is often in a state of flux.
protozoan parasites
Most of the protozoa are completely [?] but few may cause major diseases.
nonpathogenic
The major protozoa causing disease in man belong to four (4) phyla:
a. Phylum Sarcomastigophora
b. Phylum Ciliophora
c. Phylum Apicomplexa
d. Phylum Microsopora
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum Sarcodina
Entamoeba histolytica Entamoeba dispar Entamoeba coli Entamoeba gingivalis Endolimax nana Iodamoeba butschlii Naegleria Acanthamoeba
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum Mastigophora
Giardia lamblia Dientamoeba fragilis Chilomastix mesnili Pentatrichomonas hominis Trichomonas vaginalis Trichomonas tenax Leishmania tropica Leishmania brazilinesis Leishmania donovani Trypanosoma brucei complex Trypanosoma cruzi
Phylum Ciliophora
Balantidium coli
Phylum Apicomplexa
Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium knowlesi Babesia spp. Cystoisospora belli Cryptosporidium hominis Cyclospora cayetanensis Sarcocystis spp. Toxoplasma gondii
Phylum Microspora
Enterocytozoon bieneusi Encephalitozoon spp. Vittaforma corneae Trachipleistophora hominis Pleistophora spp. Anncaliia vesicularum Microsporidium spp.
Under Phylum Sarcomastigophora are two (2) subphyla based on
their modes of locomotion:
i. Subphylum Sarcodina
ii. Subphylum Mastigophora
Subphylum Sarcodina includes parasites that are commonly called the [?]. whose organelles of locomotion are temporary footlike cytoplasmic extensions called [?] (literally meaning false feet).
amoebae (amoebas)
pseudopodia
[?] is a group of protozoa collectively called the flagellates because the organelles of locomotion are the [?], which are long, thin, whip-like structures.
Subphylum Mastigophora
flagella
Protozoa under Phylum Ciliophora are the [?]. They are motile by means of [?], which are short hair-like projections that cover the entire body surface. The only human parasite in this group is [?]
ciliates
cilia
Balantidium coli
is known as the sporozoa because very important groups of parasites fall under Class Sporozoa.
Phylum Apicomplexa
Members of Phylum Apicomplexa do not have have special locomotory apparatus, but they possess, at some stage in their life cycle, a structure called the [?] serving as the organ of attachment to host cells.
apical complex
All members are parasitic.
Phylum Apicomplexa
contains many minute intracellular protozoan parasites, collectively referred to as microsporidia.
Phylum Microspora
Phylum Microspora was formerly listed with the sporozoa because they possess [?] within a spore.
polar filaments
The phylum contains more than 100 genera of parasites that infect invertebrates (mostly insects) and vertebrate hosts.
Phylum Microsopora
In humans, [?] are opportunistic parasites of immunocompromised patients, including those undergoing chemotherapy and organ transplants. Because the disease they caused is considered rare, it shall not be covered in this module.
microsporidians
Sarcodina [Greek [?], fleshy, from [?], sark-, flesh]
- sarkodes
- sarx
Ciliophora [Latin [?], lower eyelid (= eyelash); + Greek -[?], bearing, from [?], to carry]
- cilium
- phoros
- pherein
Mastigophora [Greek [?], zoon, living being, animal; + Greek [?]-, whip; + Greek -phoros, bearing, from pherein, to carry]
- zoion
- mastig
Sporozoa [Greek [?], seed; + Greek zoion, zoon, living being, animal]
- spora
[?], the parasitic worms, fall under the kingdom Animalia.
Helminths
These are complex, multicellular eukaryotic organisms with specialized tissues and organs.
Helminths
Worms that [?] humans are diverse ranging from barely visible to huge worms of several meters long.
parasitize
During some stages of their life cycle, helminths are [?] in size. Although they are not strictly microorganisms, they are discussed with microbiology because of their ability to cause disease and laboratory identification of these organisms includes many of the same techniques used for identifying microbes.
microscopic
Helminths, which occur as parasite in humans, belong to two (2) phyla:
a.) phylum Nematoda, and b.) phylum Platyhelminthes.
Helminths, which occur as parasite in humans, belong to two (2) phyla:
a.) phylum Nematoda, and b.) phylum Platyhelminthes.
Nematoda
Trichuris trichiura Capillaria philippinensis Capillaria hepatica Ascaris lumbricoides Enterobius vermicularis Hookworm: -Necator americanus -Ancylostoma duodenale -Ancylostoma caninum -Ancylostoma braziliense Strongyloides stercoralis Trichinella spiralis Toxocara spp. Filaria - Wuchereria bancrofti - Brugia malayi - Onchocerca volvulus - Loa loa - Mansonella spp. Dracunculus medinensis
Cestoidea
Diphyllobothrium latum Spirometra spp. Taenia solium Taenia saginata Hymenolepis nana Hymenolepis diminuta Dipylidium caninum Echinococcus granulosus Raillietina garrisoni
Trematoda
Fasciola hepatica Clonorchis sinensis Opisthorchis felineus Opisthorchis viverrini Dicrocoelium dendriticum Fasciolopsis buski Echinostoma ilocanum Artyfechinostomum malayanum Heterophyids Paragonimus westermani Schistosoma japonicum Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma haematobium
are elongated and tapered at both ends, and unsegmented.
nematodes
They are also known as roundworms because they are round in cross-section.
nematodes
Members of [?] are collectively referred to as flatworms because their bodies are dorsoventrally flattened in cross-section.
Platyhelminthes
All medically important species belong to two (2) classes:
i. Class Cestoidea (Cestoda)
ii. Class Trematoda
[?], or tapeworms, are flat, segmented and have a ribbon-like appearance.
Cestodes
[?], or also known as the flukes, are typically flattened and leaf-shaped.
Trematodes
[?], which form the largest group of species in the kingdom Animalia, are animals characterized by segmented bodies, hard external skeletons, and jointed legs.
Arthropods
Representative classes of arthropods include the following:
• [?] (six legs): bees, flies, lice, mosquitoes, the study of which
is called entomology.
• [?] (eight legs): spiders, mites, ticks
• [?] (four antennae): crabs, crayfish
- Insecta
- Arachnida
- Crustacea
Arthropods cause disease through:
• [?]: Scabies and pediculosis are caused by infestation with arthropods, Sarcoptes scabiei (mite) and Pediculus humanus capitis (lice) respectively.
• [?]: Through bites of spiders, flies, bugs, mites, and
ticks; also occurs with stings of scorpions, ants, wasps, and bees.
• [?]: Pediculus humanus capitis (lice)
• [?]: Arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms are called vectors, e.g., mosquitoes, flies.
• [?]
• [?]
- Direct tissue invasion
- Envenomation
- Blood loss
- Transmission of infectious agent
- Hypersensitivity reactions
- ## Psychological manifestations.
While the broad definition of parasitology may have included infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses, the term “parasite” applies only to animal ([?]— helminths and arthropods) or animal-like ([?]) parasites.
- metazoa
- protozoa
Thus, parasitology has evolved separately from
bacteriology, mycology, phycology, and virology.
[?], too, has branched off as a separate discipline, but it remains a subject of paramount importance to parasitologists, who must understand the relationships between arthropods and the parasites they harbor and disperse.
Medical entomology
Because many [?] are large enough to be seen with the unaided eye, they have been known for thousands of years.
parasitic worms
The first clear documentation of these organisms is to be found in the [?] (c. 1550 BC) and other ancient Egyptian writings.
Papyrus Ebers
[?], commonly known as the “guinea worm” or the “ fiery serpent of Israelites”, was certainly recognized on the shores of the Red Sea in the preChristian era.
Dracunculus medinensis
Dutch [?], who is the “Father of Microbiology” because he was the first to undisputedly observe, describe, study, conduct scientific experiments with microbes using single-lensed microscopes of his own design in 1681.
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek is also universally acknowledged as the “Father of Protozoology”. He observed a protozoan, [?], in his own stools.
Giardia lamblia
The Italian [?] has the best claim to the title “Father of Parasitology”. He was the first to recognize and correctly describe details of many important parasites.
Francesco Redi
Francesco Redi was especially interested in [?], particularly lice, although in his classical text he also described dog and cat tapeworms.
ectoparasites
Francesco Redi, in 1671, produced an illustration of
Fasciola hepatica
The presence of ectoparasites
INFESTATION
Father of parasitology
REDI
Term for parasite that colonizes the internal organs and body fluids
ENDOPARASITE
Animal parasite characterized by segmented bodies and jointed legs
Locomotory organelles of mastigophorans
FLAGELLA
Describes arthropod that carries pathogenic microorganisms
ENDOPARASITE
Phylum classification of Plasmodium species
Branch of zoology that deals with the study of insects
An organism that is dependent upon a particular species of organism
