[DISCUSSION] MODULE 2 UNIT 3 Flashcards
1
Q
INTESTINAL FLAGELLATES
A
- Giardia lamblia
- Dientamoeba fragilis
- Chilomastix mesnili
- Pentatrichomonas hominis
2
Q
ATRIAL FLAGELLATES
A
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Trichomonas tenax
3
Q
HEMOFLAGELLATES
A
- Leishmania spp.
- Trypanosoma spp.
4
Q
Giardia lamblia Also known as
A
Giardia duodenalis, or Giardia intestinalis
4
Q
manifests as a significant but not life-threatening gastrointestinal
disease
A
Giardia lamblia
5
Q
resistant forms and are responsible for transmission of giardiasis
A
Giardia lamblia Cysts
6
Q
infective stage
A
Giardia lamblia Cysts
7
Q
hardy and
can survive several months in
cold water
A
Giardia lamblia mature cysts
8
Q
occurs in the small
intestine.
A
Excystation Giardia lamblia
9
Q
multiply by longitudinal binary fission, and remain in the duodenum and upper jejenum
A
Giardia lamblia Trophozoites
10
Q
occurs when the trophozoite transits to the colon
A
Giardia lamblia Encystation
11
Q
occurs when the host ingests food or water contaminated with the mature cysts
A
Infection with G. duodenalis
12
Q
Depending on the strain involved, infection can occur with one ingesting as few as 10 cysts.
A
Giardia lamblia
13
Q
Giardiasis in about half of the infected patients may be
A
Asymptomatic
14
Q
- occurs in 1 to 4 weeks (average of 9 days)
A
Giardiasis
Symptomatic infection. Acute phase
15
Q
- patients experience abdominal pain, described as cramping, associated with diarrhea.
A
Giardiasis
Symptomatic infection. Acute phase
16
Q
- There is also excessive flatus with an odor of “rotten eggs” due to hydrogen sulfide.
A
Giardiasis
Symptomatic infection. Acute phase
17
Q
- Other clinical features include abdominal bloating, nausea, and anorexia. Spontaneous recovery occurs within 6 weeks in mild to moderate cases.
A
Giardiasis
Symptomatic infection. Acute phase
18
Q
- In untreated cases, patients may experience diarrhea with varying intensities, for weeks or months. The acute phase is often followed by chronic phase.
A
Giardiasis
Symptomatic infection. Chronic phase
19
Q
- Characterized by steatorrhea
A
Giardiasis
Symptomatic infection. Chronic phase
20
Q
- In some cases, periods of diarrhea have been observed to alternate with normal or even constipated bowel periods. There may be weight loss, profound malaise, and low-grade fever.
A
Giardiasis
Symptomatic infection. Chronic phase
21
Q
Giardia lamblia trophozoite does not invade the tissue, but remains adhered to intestinal epithelium by means of the sucking disc.
A
Cytoadherence
22
Q
It is able to cause alterations in the villi such as villous flattening and crypt hypertrophy.
A
Cytoadherence
23
Q
These alterations lead to decreased electrolyte, glucose, and fluid absorption, and cause deficiency enzymes such as disaccharidases.
A
Cytoadherence
24
This results in the entire surface of the parasite being covered with (?) which help the parasite in evasion of host immune system.
variant-specific surface proteins (VSSPs)
25
Giardia lamblia Transmission
Fecal-oral route.
26
Transmission depends on the swallowing of mature cysts in fecally-contaminated food or water or by direct contact related to poor personal hygiene or sexual practices.
Giardia lamblia
27
The risk factors that favor survival and transmission are the same as those affecting amoebiasis
Giardia lamblia
28
Geographical distribution: Cosmopolitan. Endemicity is very high in areas with low sanitation, especially tropics and subtropics.
Giardia lamblia
29
Prevalence: Approximately 1.6 to 22% in the Philippines.
Giardia lamblia
30
Reservoir: Human, beavers, dogs, cats, and sheep serve as reservoirs
Giardia lamblia
31
was previously considered as an amoeba but has now been reclassified as an amoeboflagellate, based on electron microscopic study and antigenic similarity to Trichomonas
Dientamoeba fragilis
32
does not invade tissues, but its presence in the intestines produces irritation of the mucosa with secretion of excess mucus and hypermotility of the bowel
Dientamoeba fragilis
33
In 25% of the disease, the most common symptoms are diarrhea and abdominal pain
dientamoebiasis
34
Symptoms also can include loss of appetite, weight loss, nausea, and fatigue.
Dientamoeba fragilis
35
The infection does not spread from the intestine to other parts of the body.
Dientamoeba fragilis
36
transmissionoccurs when infective cysts are ingested
Chilomastix mesnili
37
It normally lives in the cecal region of the large intestine, where the organisms feed on bacteria and debris.
Chilomastix mesnili
38
The trophozoites live in the cecal area of the large intestine and feed on bacteria.
Pentatrichomonas hominis
39
cannot be transplanted into the urogenital tract or the mouth
Pentatrichomonas hominis
40
Transmission probably occurs by ingesting the trophozoite form.
Pentatrichomonas hominis
41
If ingested in a protective substance such as milk, these organisms can apparently survive passage through the stomach and small intestine in patients with achlorhydria.
Pentatrichomonas hominis
42
causes a sexually transmitted disease called trichomoniasis
Trichomonas vaginalis
43
It is now often described as the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection
Trichomonas vaginalis
44
The parasite is found in the urogenital tract.
Trichomonas vaginalis
45
In women, it is found in the vagina but may ascend as far as the renal pelvis.
Trichomonas vaginalis
46
The parasite can be isolated from the urethra, prostate, and less frequently, in the epididymis in men.
Trichomonas vaginalis
47
The trophozoites multiply by binary fission in the host and are transferred passively from person to person
Trichomonas vaginalis
48
generally asymptomatic
Trichomoniasis in males
49
Although, some may develop urethritis, epididymitis and prostatitis.
Trichomoniasis in males
50
There is no strong evidence that males infected with trichomoniasis are more likely to develop
prostate cancer
51
Trichomoniasis in females, after an incubation period of 4 days to 4 weeks, the following symptoms of vaginitis or cervicitis are common:
greenish-yellow, frothy, foul-smelling vaginal discharge
vaginal or vulval pruritis
dysuria
dyspareunia
52
Itching in the vaginal area
vaginal or vulval pruritis
53
painful and burning sensation on urination
dysuria
54
pain during sexual intercourse
dyspareunia
55
Females infected with trichomoniasis have a higher risk of (?), especially when co-infected with HPV.
cervical cancer
56
Speculum examination reveals small punctate
hemorrhagic spots on the vaginal and cervical
mucosa; this has been called
Strawberry appearance
57
The trophozoites feed on the mucosal surface of the vagina, where bacteria and leukocytes are found.
strawberry appearance
58
Normal vaginal pH
3.8 – 5.0
59
Preferred pH of T. vaginalis
6.0-6.3
60
Complications in women include
secondary bacterial infection of the urogenital tract
61
are infrequent complications
Endometritis and pyosalpingitis
62
Geographical distribution: Cosmopolitan.
T. vaginalis
63
T. vaginalis
About (?) of women and (?) of men in developed countries are infected.
5 to 20%
2 to 12%
64
Humans are the only natural host for
T. vaginalis
65
is frequently seen concomitantly with other STDs, particularly gonorrhea
Trichomoniasis
66
The majority of women with trichomoniasis also have
bacterial vaginosis
67
Unlike other STDs, which have a higher prevalence among adolescents and young adults, the rates of trichomoniasis are more evenly distributed among (?), further strengthening its potential utility as a marker for risky sexual behavior
sexually active women of all age groups
68
T. vaginalis Infection is acquired primarily through
sexual intercourse
69
Higher prevalence is associated with greater frequency of sexual intercourse with multiple partners and with commercial sex workers.
Trichomoniasis
70
Hence, there is the need to diagnose and treat
asymptomatic males
71
Simultaneous treatment of both partners is recommended to prevent (?), i.e., a reinfection from the same sexual partner.
"ping-pong infection"
72
T. vaginalis is known to be transferred by means of fomites such as toilet articles, towels, or underclothes
Indirect contact transmission
73
However, this mode of transmission is thought to be very rare.
Indirect contact transmission
74
T. vaginalis can survive for one to few hours in (?), and longer in a (?).
dry fomites
moist environment
75
are considered as the most resistant among the protozoan trophozoites.
Trophozoites of T. vaginalis
76
Trichomoniasis in pregnant women may cause premature rupture of the membranes that protect the baby, and early delivery.
Congenital transmission
77
The trophozoites may also migrate through a mother’s birth canal and infect the unborn child.
Congenital transmission
78
can only live in the mouth, in the periodontal pockets, carious tooth cavities and, less often, in tonsillar crypts
trophozoite of T. tenax
79
The mode of transmission is by direct contact (by kissing or through salivary droplets) or by use of contaminated dishes and glasses.
Trichomonas tenax
80
considered to be a nonpathogen
Trichomonas tenax
81
Treatment, therefore, is not indicated.
Trichomonas tenax
