[DISCUSSION] MODULE 2 UNIT 4 Flashcards
1
Q
group of protozoa that live in the blood and tissues of their human host and other vertebrates, and that move by means of flagella
A
Hemoflagellates
2
Q
Under family Trypanosomatidae
A
Hemoflagellates
3
Q
Hemoflagellates infecting man belong to two genera:
A
Leishmania and Trypanosoma
4
Q
Transmission via arthropod vector bite
A
Hemoflagellates
5
Q
DEVELOPMENTAL FORMS
A
6
Q
Inhabit the macrophages of the skin and nearby lymph nodes
A
Leishmania tropica complex
7
Q
Leishmania tropica complex other names
A
L. tropica, L. aethiopica, and L. major
8
Q
Inhabit the macrophages of the skin, and mucous membranes of the nose and buccal cavity
A
Leishmania mexicana complex
9
Q
Leishmania braziliensis complex
A
L. braziliensis, L. panamensis, L, peruviana, and L. guyanensis
10
Q
Leishmania mexicana complex
A
L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, and L. venezuelensis
11
Q
Inhabit the reticuloendothelial cells of the viscera (liver, spleen, bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, and mesenteric venules)
A
L. donovani complex
12
Q
L. donovani complex
A
L. donovani, L. infantum, and L. chagasi
13
Q
- also in the endothelial cells of the kidneys, lungs, meninges and CSF
A
L. donovani complex
14
Q
Old world cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)
A
Leishmaniasis tropica complex
15
Q
Leishmania braziliensis complex
A
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ML)
16
Q
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)
A
Leishmania donovani complex
17
Q
Leishmania tropica complex
Disease: Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)
other condition names:
A
-oriental sores-tropical sore-Aleppo button-Jericho boils-Delhi boils-Baghdad boils
18
Q
causes cellular infiltration, necrosis and ulceration, and granuloma formation.
A
Sandfly bite on the skin
19
Q
-characterized by one or more ulcers containing pus that generally self-heal
A
Leishmaniasis tropica complex
Disease: Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)
20
Q
-infected patients initially develop a small red papule, located at the bite site, which is typically 2 cm or larger in diameter and may cause intense itching
A
Leishmaniasis tropica complex
Disease: Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)
21
Q
crater-like with elevated and indurated margins
A
Skin ulcer
22
Q
ulcer heals in 2-10 months even without treatment but leaves an ugly, disfiguring scar
A
Leishmaniasis tropica complex
Disease: Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)
23
Q
Leishmania braziliensis complex
Disease: Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
other condition names:
A
- Espundia- forest yaws AKA pian bois (L. guyanensis)- uta
24
Q
Infection starts off as a reaction at the bite.
A
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
25
The skin lesion is similar to cutaneous leishmaniasis but often weeping ulcers.
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
26
It can go by metastasis into the mucous membrane of the nose, ears, pharynx and/or larynx causing extensive dysfiguring lesion and can become fatal.
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
27
New World cutaneous leishmaniasis other condition names:
-chiclero ulcer-bay sore-uta
28
Infection leads to CL that resembles the Old World CL.
New World cutaneous leishmaniasis
29
However a specific lesion of caused by L. mexicana is (?) which is characterized by ulcerations in pinna.
chiclero ulcer
30
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by:
L. donovani and L. infantum
31
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)
other condition names:
-Kala-azar
-Dumdum fever
-Death fever
32
literally means “black death“
-Kala-azar
33
in India, referring to the characteristic darkening of the skin of the forehead and temple
-Kala-azar
34
the parasite was discovered by Dr. William Leishman from the spleen smear of a soldier who died of the disease in Dumdum, Calcutta, India
-Dumdum fever
35
complication of visceral leishmaniasis (VL)
Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)
36
characterised by a macular, maculopapular, and nodular rash in a patient who has recovered from VL and who is otherwise well
Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)
37
The rash usually starts around the mouth from where it spreads to other parts of the body depending on severity
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)
38
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is mainly seen in Sudan and India where it follows treated VL in (?) of cases, respectively
50% and 5–10%
39
American VL [AVL]
New World VL
40
New World VLis caused by
L. chagasi
41
Other than a rare papule, which most likely occurs at the bite site, skin lesions are absent.
New World VL
42
It affects internal organs (particularly, spleen, liver, and bone marrow) causing fever, hepatomegaly, jaundice, splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy.
New World VL
43
The most common mode of infection is through bite of sandflies
Leishmania
44
It is important to note that L. donovani is capable of being transmitted person to person via (?), congenitally by (?) from mother to fetus, and by (?) in the laboratory
blood transfusions
vertical transmission
accidental inoculation
45
An alternative sexual transmission route is well documented in dogs but evidence is lacking in humans
L. donovani
46
Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis may also sometimes occur by direct contact, transmitted from (?) by direct inoculation of amastigotes
man-to-man or animal-to-man
47
- Previously referred to as Trypanosoma brucei
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
48
- identified as the causative agent of nagana (a form of the disease often found in cattle) and sleeping sickness.
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
49
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
In 1895 by (?), a Scottish pathologist
David Bruce
50
West African trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
51
- was not described until 1910 by Stephens and Fantham
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
52
- East African trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
53
- the causative agent of Chagas’ disease
Trypanosoma cruzi
54
- described in 1909 by a young medical student in Brazil named Carlos Chagas
Trypanosoma cruzi
55
-causes the chronic form of African trypanosomiasis
T. brucei gambiense
56
-mild, long course that ends fatally with central nervous system (CNS) involvement after several years’ duration.
T. brucei gambiense
57
-causes the acute form of African trypanosomiasis
T. b. rhodesiense
58
-that has a short course and ends fatally within a year
T. b. rhodesiense
59
The Trypanosoma brucei complexes pass their life cycle in two hosts:
(1)man and other mammalian hosts
(2)insect vector, tsetse fly of the genus Glossina.
60
salivarian trypanosome
T. brucei complexes
61
They migrate to mouth parts of the vectors, so that infection is transmitted by the their bite (inoculative transmission).
T. brucei complexes
62
-The first sign of infection is the development
Trypanosomal chancre
63
-painful, red nodule on the skin at the bite of the tsetse fly
Trypanosomal chancre
64
-The lesion will resolve spontaneously within 1 to 2 weeks
Trypanosomal chancre
65
This is systemic trypanosomiasis when trypomastigotes are in the blood and lymph nodes without central nervous system involvement.
Stage I Trypanosomal chancre
66
It involves nonspecific signs and symptoms such as fever, malaise, headache, generalized weakness, and anorexia and lymphadenopathy.
67
enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes commonly seen in T. b. gambiense infections.
Winterbottom’s sign
68
This is characterized by CNS involvement.
Stage II Trypanosomal chancre
69
Mental retardation, tremors, meningoencephalitis, somnolence (excessive sleepiness), and character changes may develop.
Stage II Trypanosomal chancre
70
The patient slips into a coma and death occurs, resulting from damage to the CNS.
Stage II Trypanosomal chancre
71
exhibit unique antigenic variation of their glycoproteins
African trypanosomes
72
There is a cyclical fluctuation in the trypanosomes in the blood of infected vertebrates after every
7- 10 days
73
Each successive wave represents a variant antigenic type (VAT) of trypomastigote possessing
variant-specific surface antigens (VSSAs) or variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat antigen
74
found in tropical West Africa, and Central Africa
T.b. gambiense
75
T.b. gambiense Vectors
Glossina palpalis and Glossina tachinoides
76
riverine species that breed especially in shaded areas along banks of rivers or streams
Glossina palpalis and Glossina tachinoides
77
Transmission can occur when people frequent these areas to swim or do they laundry.
T.b. gambiense
78
There are no known animal reservoir hosts.
T.b. gambiense
79
may be acquired congenitally if the mother is infected during pregnancy
T. b. gambiense
80
attracted to the blue color and land on the netting
tsetse flies
81
Posted along rivers in Uganda; The net is covered in insecticide which attaches to the flies and kills them within three minutes
Blue targets
82
found in East and Central Africa
T.b. rhodisiense
83
T.b. rhodisiense Vectors:
Glossina morsitans, Glossina pallidipes and Glossina swynnertoni
84
Attack wild game animals
Glossina morsitans, Glossina pallidipes and Glossina swynnertoni
85
known reservoir hosts of T.b. rhodisiense
Wild game animals, as well as cattle and sheep
86
It is an occupational hazard for individuals working in (?) and may also be a threat to (?)
game reserves; visitors of game parks
87
Causative agent of American trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma cruzi
88
Chagas’ disease
American trypanosomiasis
89
The Trypanosoma cruzi passes its life cycle in two hosts:
(1)man and other mammalian hosts
(2)insect vector, bug in the family Reduviidae, subfamily Triatominae: Commonly belong to the genera of Triatoma, Rhodnius, and Panstrongylus.
90
They are commonly referred to as reduviid bug or triatomine bug.
Trypanosoma cruzi
91
They are also called cone-nosed bug, assassin bug, or kissing bug (because they tend to bite the host on the face).
Trypanosoma cruzi
92
stercorarian trypanosome
T. cruzi
93
In the vector, they undergo posterior station of development.
T. cruzi
94
migrate to hindgut and are passed in feces
trypomastigotes
95
Infection is acquired by rubbing the feces of the vector into the wound caused by its bite or into the mucous membrane conjunctiva (contaminative transmission).
Trypanosoma cruzi
96
-an erythematous nodule at the site of infection produced by the proliferation of the T. cruzi organisms
Chagoma
97
-frequently located on the face
Chagoma
98
-may last 2 to 3 months before subsiding.
Chagoma
99
characteristic conjunctivitis and unilateral edema of the eyelids
Romaña’s sign
100
In chronic disease, it produces inflammatory response, cellular destruction and fibrosis of muscles and nerves that control tone of hollow organs like heart, esophagus, colon, etc.
T. cruzi
101
chronic disease, T. cruzi, results to
cardiac myopathy (cardiomegaly), megaesophagus and megacolon megaesophagus (dilatation of esophagus and colon) and hepatosplenomegaly
102
only in the American continent (western hemisphere) and is limited to South and Central America only
T. cruzi
103
nests in human homes that are open in design
triatomine bug
104
Although there are a number of known mammalian hosts, dogs and cats are of particular importance as reservoir hosts.
T. cruzi
105
Other less common routes of transmission include blood transfusions, organ transplantation, transplacental transmission, and foodborne transmission (via food/drink contaminated with the vector and/or its feces). 3
T. cruzi
