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Parasitology [LEC] > [DISCUSSION] MODULE 2 UNIT 4 > Flashcards

[DISCUSSION] MODULE 2 UNIT 4 Flashcards

1
Q

group of protozoa that live in the blood and tissues of their human host and other vertebrates, and that move by means of flagella

A

Hemoflagellates

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2
Q

Under family Trypanosomatidae

A

Hemoflagellates

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3
Q

Hemoflagellates infecting man belong to two genera:

A

Leishmania and Trypanosoma

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4
Q

Transmission via arthropod vector bite

A

Hemoflagellates

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5
Q

DEVELOPMENTAL FORMS

A
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6
Q

Inhabit the macrophages of the skin and nearby lymph nodes

A

Leishmania tropica complex

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7
Q

Leishmania tropica complex other names

A

L. tropica, L. aethiopica, and L. major

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8
Q

Inhabit the macrophages of the skin, and mucous membranes of the nose and buccal cavity

A

Leishmania mexicana complex

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9
Q

Leishmania braziliensis complex

A

L. braziliensis, L. panamensis, L, peruviana, and L. guyanensis

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10
Q

Leishmania mexicana complex

A

L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, and L. venezuelensis

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11
Q

Inhabit the reticuloendothelial cells of the viscera (liver, spleen, bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, and mesenteric venules)

A

L. donovani complex

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12
Q

L. donovani complex

A

L. donovani, L. infantum, and L. chagasi

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13
Q
  • also in the endothelial cells of the kidneys, lungs, meninges and CSF
A

L. donovani complex

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14
Q

Old world cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)

A

Leishmaniasis tropica complex

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15
Q

Leishmania braziliensis complex

A

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ML)

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16
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)

A

Leishmania donovani complex

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17
Q

Leishmania tropica complex
Disease: Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)
other condition names:

A

-oriental sores-tropical sore-Aleppo button-Jericho boils-Delhi boils-Baghdad boils

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18
Q

causes cellular infiltration, necrosis and ulceration, and granuloma formation.

A

Sandfly bite on the skin

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19
Q

-characterized by one or more ulcers containing pus that generally self-heal

A

Leishmaniasis tropica complex
Disease: Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)

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20
Q

-infected patients initially develop a small red papule, located at the bite site, which is typically 2 cm or larger in diameter and may cause intense itching

A

Leishmaniasis tropica complex
Disease: Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)

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21
Q

crater-like with elevated and indurated margins

A

Skin ulcer

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22
Q

ulcer heals in 2-10 months even without treatment but leaves an ugly, disfiguring scar

A

Leishmaniasis tropica complex
Disease: Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)

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23
Q

Leishmania braziliensis complex
Disease: Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
other condition names:

A
  • Espundia- forest yaws AKA pian bois (L. guyanensis)- uta
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24
Q

Infection starts off as a reaction at the bite.

A

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

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25
Q

The skin lesion is similar to cutaneous leishmaniasis but often weeping ulcers.

A

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

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26
Q

It can go by metastasis into the mucous membrane of the nose, ears, pharynx and/or larynx causing extensive dysfiguring lesion and can become fatal.

A

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

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27
Q

New World cutaneous leishmaniasis other condition names:

A

-chiclero ulcer-bay sore-uta

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28
Q

Infection leads to CL that resembles the Old World CL.

A

New World cutaneous leishmaniasis

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29
Q

However a specific lesion of caused by L. mexicana is (?) which is characterized by ulcerations in pinna.

A

chiclero ulcer

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30
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by:

A

L. donovani and L. infantum

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31
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)
other condition names:

A

-Kala-azar
-Dumdum fever
-Death fever

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32
Q

literally means “black death“

A

-Kala-azar

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33
Q

in India, referring to the characteristic darkening of the skin of the forehead and temple

A

-Kala-azar

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34
Q

the parasite was discovered by Dr. William Leishman from the spleen smear of a soldier who died of the disease in Dumdum, Calcutta, India

A

-Dumdum fever

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35
Q

complication of visceral leishmaniasis (VL)

A

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)

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36
Q

characterised by a macular, maculopapular, and nodular rash in a patient who has recovered from VL and who is otherwise well

A

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)

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37
Q

The rash usually starts around the mouth from where it spreads to other parts of the body depending on severity

A

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)

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38
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is mainly seen in Sudan and India where it follows treated VL in (?) of cases, respectively

A

50% and 5–10%

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39
Q

American VL [AVL]

A

New World VL

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40
Q

New World VLis caused by

A

L. chagasi

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41
Q

Other than a rare papule, which most likely occurs at the bite site, skin lesions are absent.

A

New World VL

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42
Q

It affects internal organs (particularly, spleen, liver, and bone marrow) causing fever, hepatomegaly, jaundice, splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy.

A

New World VL

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43
Q

The most common mode of infection is through bite of sandflies

A

Leishmania

44
Q

It is important to note that L. donovani is capable of being transmitted person to person via (?), congenitally by (?) from mother to fetus, and by (?) in the laboratory

A

blood transfusions
vertical transmission
accidental inoculation

45
Q

An alternative sexual transmission route is well documented in dogs but evidence is lacking in humans

A

L. donovani

46
Q

Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis may also sometimes occur by direct contact, transmitted from (?) by direct inoculation of amastigotes

A

man-to-man or animal-to-man

47
Q
  • Previously referred to as Trypanosoma brucei
A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

48
Q
  • identified as the causative agent of nagana (a form of the disease often found in cattle) and sleeping sickness.
A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

49
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

In 1895 by (?), a Scottish pathologist

A

David Bruce

50
Q

West African trypanosomiasis

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

51
Q
  • was not described until 1910 by Stephens and Fantham
A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

52
Q
  • East African trypanosomiasis
A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

53
Q
  • the causative agent of Chagas’ disease
A

Trypanosoma cruzi

54
Q
  • described in 1909 by a young medical student in Brazil named Carlos Chagas
A

Trypanosoma cruzi

55
Q

-causes the chronic form of African trypanosomiasis

A

T. brucei gambiense

56
Q

-mild, long course that ends fatally with central nervous system (CNS) involvement after several years’ duration.

A

T. brucei gambiense

57
Q

-causes the acute form of African trypanosomiasis

A

T. b. rhodesiense

58
Q

-that has a short course and ends fatally within a year

A

T. b. rhodesiense

59
Q

The Trypanosoma brucei complexes pass their life cycle in two hosts:

A

(1)man and other mammalian hosts
(2)insect vector, tsetse fly of the genus Glossina.

60
Q

salivarian trypanosome

A

T. brucei complexes

61
Q

They migrate to mouth parts of the vectors, so that infection is transmitted by the their bite (inoculative transmission).

A

T. brucei complexes

62
Q

-The first sign of infection is the development

A

Trypanosomal chancre

63
Q

-painful, red nodule on the skin at the bite of the tsetse fly

A

Trypanosomal chancre

64
Q

-The lesion will resolve spontaneously within 1 to 2 weeks

A

Trypanosomal chancre

65
Q

This is systemic trypanosomiasis when trypomastigotes are in the blood and lymph nodes without central nervous system involvement.

A

Stage I Trypanosomal chancre

66
Q

It involves nonspecific signs and symptoms such as fever, malaise, headache, generalized weakness, and anorexia and lymphadenopathy.

A
67
Q

enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes commonly seen in T. b. gambiense infections.

A

Winterbottom’s sign

68
Q

This is characterized by CNS involvement.

A

Stage II Trypanosomal chancre

69
Q

Mental retardation, tremors, meningoencephalitis, somnolence (excessive sleepiness), and character changes may develop.

A

Stage II Trypanosomal chancre

70
Q

The patient slips into a coma and death occurs, resulting from damage to the CNS.

A

Stage II Trypanosomal chancre

71
Q

exhibit unique antigenic variation of their glycoproteins

A

African trypanosomes

72
Q

There is a cyclical fluctuation in the trypanosomes in the blood of infected vertebrates after every

A

7- 10 days

73
Q

Each successive wave represents a variant antigenic type (VAT) of trypomastigote possessing

A

variant-specific surface antigens (VSSAs) or variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat antigen

74
Q

found in tropical West Africa, and Central Africa

A

T.b. gambiense

75
Q

T.b. gambiense Vectors

A

Glossina palpalis and Glossina tachinoides

76
Q

riverine species that breed especially in shaded areas along banks of rivers or streams

A

Glossina palpalis and Glossina tachinoides

77
Q

Transmission can occur when people frequent these areas to swim or do they laundry.

A

T.b. gambiense

78
Q

There are no known animal reservoir hosts.

A

T.b. gambiense

79
Q

may be acquired congenitally if the mother is infected during pregnancy

A

T. b. gambiense

80
Q

attracted to the blue color and land on the netting

A

tsetse flies

81
Q

Posted along rivers in Uganda; The net is covered in insecticide which attaches to the flies and kills them within three minutes

A

Blue targets

82
Q

found in East and Central Africa

A

T.b. rhodisiense

83
Q

T.b. rhodisiense Vectors:

A

Glossina morsitans, Glossina pallidipes and Glossina swynnertoni

84
Q

Attack wild game animals

A

Glossina morsitans, Glossina pallidipes and Glossina swynnertoni

85
Q

known reservoir hosts of T.b. rhodisiense

A

Wild game animals, as well as cattle and sheep

86
Q

It is an occupational hazard for individuals working in (?) and may also be a threat to (?)

A

game reserves; visitors of game parks

87
Q

Causative agent of American trypanosomiasis

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

88
Q

Chagas’ disease

A

American trypanosomiasis

89
Q

The Trypanosoma cruzi passes its life cycle in two hosts:

A

(1)man and other mammalian hosts
(2)insect vector, bug in the family Reduviidae, subfamily Triatominae: Commonly belong to the genera of Triatoma, Rhodnius, and Panstrongylus.

90
Q

They are commonly referred to as reduviid bug or triatomine bug.

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

91
Q

They are also called cone-nosed bug, assassin bug, or kissing bug (because they tend to bite the host on the face).

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

92
Q

stercorarian trypanosome

A

T. cruzi

93
Q

In the vector, they undergo posterior station of development.

A

T. cruzi

94
Q

migrate to hindgut and are passed in feces

A

trypomastigotes

95
Q

Infection is acquired by rubbing the feces of the vector into the wound caused by its bite or into the mucous membrane conjunctiva (contaminative transmission).

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

96
Q

-an erythematous nodule at the site of infection produced by the proliferation of the T. cruzi organisms

A

Chagoma

97
Q

-frequently located on the face

A

Chagoma

98
Q

-may last 2 to 3 months before subsiding.

A

Chagoma

99
Q

characteristic conjunctivitis and unilateral edema of the eyelids

A

Romaña’s sign

100
Q

In chronic disease, it produces inflammatory response, cellular destruction and fibrosis of muscles and nerves that control tone of hollow organs like heart, esophagus, colon, etc.

A

T. cruzi

101
Q

chronic disease, T. cruzi, results to

A

cardiac myopathy (cardiomegaly), megaesophagus and megacolon megaesophagus (dilatation of esophagus and colon) and hepatosplenomegaly

102
Q

only in the American continent (western hemisphere) and is limited to South and Central America only

A

T. cruzi

103
Q

nests in human homes that are open in design

A

triatomine bug

104
Q

Although there are a number of known mammalian hosts, dogs and cats are of particular importance as reservoir hosts.

A

T. cruzi

105
Q

Other less common routes of transmission include blood transfusions, organ transplantation, transplacental transmission, and foodborne transmission (via food/drink contaminated with the vector and/or its feces). 3

A

T. cruzi

Parasitology [LEC] (23 decks)

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