[Discussion] MODULE 1 UNIT 5 Flashcards
Epidemiology -the study of the (?) of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems
distribution and determinants
-“study of those living closely to each other.”
Epidemiology
-A group of people with common characteristics
Population
-The number of cases in a population
Prevalence
-Disease and anything that affects the well-being of a population
Health-related events
-Cause or risk factor that brings about a change in a health condition
Determinant
-diverse group of communicable diseases that prevail in tropical and subtropical conditions in 149 countries
NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES
-affect more than one billion people and cost developing economies billions of dollars every year
NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES
(?), without adequate sanitation and in close contact with infectious vectors and domestic animals and livestock are those worst affected
Populations living in poverty
Core epidemiologic tasks of a public health epidemiologist include
public health surveillance, field investigation, research, evaluation, and policy development
is almost always part of the team dedicated to protecting and promoting the public’s health.
epidemiologist
The vector-borne NTDs include but not limited to:
•Dengue
•Lymphatic filariasis
•Onchocerciasis
•Chagas disease
•Leishmaniasis
•Human African trypanosomiasis
Dengue
Zikaviruses
chikungunya viruses
arboviruses
Aedes aegypti mosquito
is the principle behind limiting the transmission of many vector-borne diseases
Vector control
This includes a range of insectide-based and non-insecticide based techniques within local communities.
Vector control
trypanosomiasis and filariasis
Tsetse flies
These are attracted to the color blue.
Tsetse flies
The waterborne NTDs include but not limited to:
•Dracunculiasis
•Schistosomiasis
•Trachoma
is a key component of the global NTD strategy and is critical for preventing and providing care for most NTDs
safe water, sanitation and hygiene (known as WASH)
Many of the pathogens that cause NTDs thrive where water and sanitation are inadequate.
WATER-BORNE NTDs
water contaminated with feces and urine can contain worm eggs
schistosomiasis
Latrines in Tanzania are known to breeding spots for Culex mosquittos
filariasis
The skin-related NTDs include but not limited to:
•Buruli ulcer •post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis •Leprosy •mycetoma •Onchocerciasis •scabies •yaws
causes scabies
Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis
an endoparasite primarily transferred through skin-to-skin contact and with fomites
Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis
It was classified as an NTD in 2017 by the WHO in hopes of raising awareness.
Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis
occur in countries with hot, tropical climates, especially in communities where overcrowding and poverty coexist, and where there is limited access to treatment
scabies
The zoonotic NTDs include but not limited to:
•Echinococcosis •Taeniasis •Rabies •Snakebites
has the lowest incidence among all of the NTDs.
Neglected zoonotic diseases
The greatest burden falls on the 1 billion poor livestock keepers in Africa and Asia who live in close contact with their animals and depend on livestock production for their livelihoods and nutrition
endemic zoonosis
was identified as a leading cause of deaths from food-borne diseases
T. solium
taeniasis or cysticercosis is also indicative of poor standards of sanitation and inappropriate pig husbandry practices
T. solium
The approach of treating populations at risk of human helminth diseases, to prevent transmission or morbidity of those diseases, with drugs either alone or in combination.
PREVENTIVE CHEMOTHERAPY
along with complementary public health interventions is a mainstay of WHO’s recommended strategy of providing preventive chemotherapy to treat populations at risk of selected NTDs
anthelminthic and antimicrobial medicines
Delivery is usually undertaken by (?) organized by national health services but delivered by communities, through school-based treatments or via the health services themselves
mass drug distribution campaigns
can help prevent the transmission of parasitic diseases.
Educating
-refers to the frequency and pattern of health parasitic infections in a population
Distribution
-refers not only to the number of health event, but also to the relationship of that number to the size of the population
Frequency
-The occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person
Patterns
aims to describe the distributions of diseases and determinants.
Descriptive epidemiology
searches for patterns by examining characteristics of person, place, & time
Descriptive epidemiology
are often revealed by answering three basic questions which these features of disease occurrence relate respectively to:
- Who gets the infection?
- Where does the infection occur?
- When does the infection occur?
Patterns
age, sex/gender, race/ethnicity
Demographic factor
The WHO African Region carries a disproportionately high share of the
malaria
In 2020, the region was home to (?).
Children under 5 accounted for about (?) in the Region.
95% of malaria cases and 96% of malaria deaths
80% of all malaria deaths
-a sexually transmitted parasite that can be passed between partners-can lead to vaginal infection
Trichomonas vaginalis
increase a woman’s susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
Trichomonas vaginalis
blood group or immune status
Constitutional factor
Duffy blood group-negative people, largely of African ancestry, are resistant to erythrocyte
Plasmodium vivax infection
Parasitic infections such as (?) have been reported to coexist, particularly in resource-limited settings such as India.
Strongyloides stercoralis and HIV
such as eating raw meat
Behavior or activity
Occupation, family income, educational achievement, living conditions, and social standing
Socio-economic status
were higher among households who had no members whose education status is secondary and above.
Childhood parasitic infections
Some farming practices such as the use of improperly treated animals manure as fertilizers, unhygienic practice of farmers and sanitation issues were factors that contribute to
parasite contamination in the farms
was reported in 15 of the 23 Argentine provinces; human prevalence was between 3.4 and 64.8%.
Giardia
Rural or urban
(?) in peri-urban areas had the higher infection rates.
Indigenous children and residents
Every year, millions of US residents travel to countries where (?) is present.
malaria
About 2,000 cases of (?) are diagnosed in the United States annually, mostly in returned travelers.
malaria
All travelers to countries where (?) is present may be at risk for infection.
malaria
are most common in developing countries in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world.
Parasitic diseases
These places are often hot and humid, conditions which are suitable for the growth of many parasites
Tropical, subtropical or temperate region
Migrants have problematic access to (?); non-institutional organizations (NGOs), as well as institutional bodies may play a role in facilitating their access to mainstream health care.
health-care
is distributed worldwide, particularly in the tropics, most commonly in areas of poor sanitation.
Amoebiasis
Long-term travelers (duration >6 months) are significantly more likely than short-term travelers (<1 month) to develop
E. histolytica infection
is seasonal.
Malaria
is often performed during wet seasons with the increased spawn of mosquittos.
Chemopreventive treatment
- refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly.
Sporadic
- refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area
Endemic
- refers to persistent, high levels of disease occurrence.
Hyperendemic
- refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population, in that area.
Epidemic
- carries the same definition of epidemic, but is often used for a more limited geographic area
Outbreak
- refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of peope.
Pandemic
-the relative magnitude of two quantities or a comparison of any two values.
Ratio
Example:
3 males : 1 female
8 patients : 1 nurse
Ratio
-comparison of a part to the whole
Example: 5.5 per 1000 persons
8% of African Americans
Proportion
-proportion of individuals in a population with a particular parasite species at a specified point in time (point prevalence) or over a specified interval of time (period prevalence)
Prevalence
-the proportion of new cases of parasitic infections in a population in a specified time period
Incidence
-refers to burden of infection which is related to the number of worms per infected person
Intensity of infection
The epidemiological triangle
Three components:
agent
host
environment
These refer to the characteristics of man that favor the survival of the parasite within the host
Host factors
are intrinsic factors that influence a person’s exposure, susceptibility, or response to the parasite.
Host factors
These refer to the characteristics of man that favor the survival of the parasite within the host.
Host factors
Children are vulnerable to
soil-transmitted helminths
is found to be more prevalent among adults than children and among males compared to females
Lymphatic filariasis
Attributed to occupation of men in these areas such as abaca farming that increases their exposure to the mosquito vectors
Lymphatic filariasis
plays an important role in the susceptibility of an individual to infection and manifestations of clinical signs and symptoms
Poor nutrition
A low protein diet favors the appearance of (?) and complications of disease.
amoebiasis
A high carbohydrate diet favors the development of some
tapeworms
Popularity of travels increases the transmission of disease from
endemic areas to susceptible population
two human hookworms
Necator americanus
Ancylostoma duodenale
Americas and tropical Africa
Necator americanus
Europe and Southwest Asia
Ancylostoma duodenale
refers to the genetic characteristic of people or group of people that confers resistance or susceptibility to parasitic infection
Racial phenomenon
Individuals with sickle cell trait (heterozygous for HbS gene) are relatively protected against
Plasmodium falciparum malaria
refer to climatic factors such as temperature, humidity, or amount of rainfall in a particular place that affect the development and survival of parasites
Physical factors
Tropical countries where there is warmer temperature, higher rainfall and less seasonal changes have optimum conditions that are most favorable for the survival, development and transmission of
STH.
made up of many variables such as occupation, family income, educational achievement, living conditions, and social standing
Socioeconomic factors
The frequency of many adverse health conditions increases with
decreasing socioeconomic status
increase the speed and efficiency of parasite transmission and spread
Crowded living conditions
Infections or diseases affect the (?) in the world, settings where large numbers of people have little or no access to adequate health care, clean water, sanitation, housing, education and information
poorest people
