[Discussion] MODULE 1 UNIT 5 Flashcards by Arriane Camacho

Epidemiology -the study of the (?) of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems

distribution and determinants

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-“study of those living closely to each other.”

Epidemiology

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-A group of people with common characteristics

Population

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-The number of cases in a population

Prevalence

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-Disease and anything that affects the well-being of a population

Health-related events

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-Cause or risk factor that brings about a change in a health condition

Determinant

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-diverse group of communicable diseases that prevail in tropical and subtropical conditions in 149 countries

NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES

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-affect more than one billion people and cost developing economies billions of dollars every year

NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES

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(?), without adequate sanitation and in close contact with infectious vectors and domestic animals and livestock are those worst affected

Populations living in poverty

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Core epidemiologic tasks of a public health epidemiologist include

public health surveillance, field investigation, research, evaluation, and policy development

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is almost always part of the team dedicated to protecting and promoting the public’s health.

epidemiologist

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The vector-borne NTDs include but not limited to:

•Dengue
•Lymphatic filariasis
•Onchocerciasis
•Chagas disease
•Leishmaniasis
•Human African trypanosomiasis

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Dengue
Zikaviruses
chikungunya viruses
arboviruses

Aedes aegypti mosquito

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is the principle behind limiting the transmission of many vector-borne diseases

Vector control

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This includes a range of insectide-based and non-insecticide based techniques within local communities.

Vector control

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trypanosomiasis and filariasis

Tsetse flies

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These are attracted to the color blue.

Tsetse flies

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The waterborne NTDs include but not limited to:

•Dracunculiasis
•Schistosomiasis
•Trachoma

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is a key component of the global NTD strategy and is critical for preventing and providing care for most NTDs

safe water, sanitation and hygiene (known as WASH)

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Many of the pathogens that cause NTDs thrive where water and sanitation are inadequate.

WATER-BORNE NTDs

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water contaminated with feces and urine can contain worm eggs

schistosomiasis

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Latrines in Tanzania are known to breeding spots for Culex mosquittos

filariasis

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The skin-related NTDs include but not limited to:

•Buruli ulcer •post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis •Leprosy •mycetoma •Onchocerciasis •scabies •yaws

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causes scabies

Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis

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an endoparasite primarily transferred through skin-to-skin contact and with fomites

Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis

It was classified as an NTD in 2017 by the WHO in hopes of raising awareness.

Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis

occur in countries with hot, tropical climates, especially in communities where overcrowding and poverty coexist, and where there is limited access to treatment

scabies

The zoonotic NTDs include but not limited to:

•Echinococcosis •Taeniasis •Rabies •Snakebites

has the lowest incidence among all of the NTDs.

Neglected zoonotic diseases

The greatest burden falls on the 1 billion poor livestock keepers in Africa and Asia who live in close contact with their animals and depend on livestock production for their livelihoods and nutrition

endemic zoonosis

was identified as a leading cause of deaths from food-borne diseases

T. solium

taeniasis or cysticercosis is also indicative of poor standards of sanitation and inappropriate pig husbandry practices

T. solium

The approach of treating populations at risk of human helminth diseases, to prevent transmission or morbidity of those diseases, with drugs either alone or in combination.

PREVENTIVE CHEMOTHERAPY

along with complementary public health interventions is a mainstay of WHO’s recommended strategy of providing preventive chemotherapy to treat populations at risk of selected NTDs

anthelminthic and antimicrobial medicines

Delivery is usually undertaken by (?) organized by national health services but delivered by communities, through school-based treatments or via the health services themselves

mass drug distribution campaigns

can help prevent the transmission of parasitic diseases.

Educating

-refers to the frequency and pattern of health parasitic infections in a population

Distribution

-refers not only to the number of health event, but also to the relationship of that number to the size of the population

Frequency

-The occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person

Patterns

aims to describe the distributions of diseases and determinants.

Descriptive epidemiology

searches for patterns by examining characteristics of person, place, & time

Descriptive epidemiology

are often revealed by answering three basic questions which these features of disease occurrence relate respectively to: 1. Who gets the infection? 2. Where does the infection occur? 3. When does the infection occur?

Patterns

age, sex/gender, race/ethnicity

Demographic factor

The WHO African Region carries a disproportionately high share of the

malaria

In 2020, the region was home to (?). Children under 5 accounted for about (?) in the Region.

95% of malaria cases and 96% of malaria deaths 80% of all malaria deaths

-a sexually transmitted parasite that can be passed between partners-can lead to vaginal infection

Trichomonas vaginalis

increase a woman’s susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

Trichomonas vaginalis

blood group or immune status

Constitutional factor

Duffy blood group-negative people, largely of African ancestry, are resistant to erythrocyte

Plasmodium vivax infection

Parasitic infections such as (?) have been reported to coexist, particularly in resource-limited settings such as India.

Strongyloides stercoralis and HIV

such as eating raw meat

Behavior or activity

Occupation, family income, educational achievement, living conditions, and social standing

Socio-economic status

were higher among households who had no members whose education status is secondary and above.

Childhood parasitic infections

Some farming practices such as the use of improperly treated animals manure as fertilizers, unhygienic practice of farmers and sanitation issues were factors that contribute to

parasite contamination in the farms

was reported in 15 of the 23 Argentine provinces; human prevalence was between 3.4 and 64.8%.

Giardia

Rural or urban (?) in peri-urban areas had the higher infection rates.

Indigenous children and residents

Every year, millions of US residents travel to countries where (?) is present.

malaria

About 2,000 cases of (?) are diagnosed in the United States annually, mostly in returned travelers.

malaria

All travelers to countries where (?) is present may be at risk for infection.

malaria

are most common in developing countries in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world.

Parasitic diseases

These places are often hot and humid, conditions which are suitable for the growth of many parasites

Tropical, subtropical or temperate region

Migrants have problematic access to (?); non-institutional organizations (NGOs), as well as institutional bodies may play a role in facilitating their access to mainstream health care.

health-care

is distributed worldwide, particularly in the tropics, most commonly in areas of poor sanitation.

Amoebiasis

Long-term travelers (duration >6 months) are significantly more likely than short-term travelers (<1 month) to develop

E. histolytica infection

is seasonal.

Malaria

is often performed during wet seasons with the increased spawn of mosquittos.

Chemopreventive treatment

- refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly.

Sporadic

- refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area

Endemic

- refers to persistent, high levels of disease occurrence.

Hyperendemic

- refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population, in that area.

Epidemic

- carries the same definition of epidemic, but is often used for a more limited geographic area

Outbreak

- refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of peope.

Pandemic

-the relative magnitude of two quantities or a comparison of any two values.

Ratio

Example: 3 males : 1 female 8 patients : 1 nurse

Ratio

-comparison of a part to the whole Example: 5.5 per 1000 persons 8% of African Americans

Proportion

-proportion of individuals in a population with a particular parasite species at a specified point in time (point prevalence) or over a specified interval of time (period prevalence)

Prevalence

-the proportion of new cases of parasitic infections in a population in a specified time period

Incidence

-refers to burden of infection which is related to the number of worms per infected person

Intensity of infection

The epidemiological triangle Three components:

agent host environment

These refer to the characteristics of man that favor the survival of the parasite within the host

Host factors

are intrinsic factors that influence a person’s exposure, susceptibility, or response to the parasite.

Host factors

These refer to the characteristics of man that favor the survival of the parasite within the host.

Host factors

Children are vulnerable to

soil-transmitted helminths

is found to be more prevalent among adults than children and among males compared to females

Lymphatic filariasis

Attributed to occupation of men in these areas such as abaca farming that increases their exposure to the mosquito vectors

Lymphatic filariasis

plays an important role in the susceptibility of an individual to infection and manifestations of clinical signs and symptoms

Poor nutrition

A low protein diet favors the appearance of (?) and complications of disease.

amoebiasis

A high carbohydrate diet favors the development of some

tapeworms

Popularity of travels increases the transmission of disease from

endemic areas to susceptible population

two human hookworms

Necator americanus Ancylostoma duodenale

Americas and tropical Africa

Necator americanus

Europe and Southwest Asia

Ancylostoma duodenale

refers to the genetic characteristic of people or group of people that confers resistance or susceptibility to parasitic infection

Racial phenomenon

Individuals with sickle cell trait (heterozygous for HbS gene) are relatively protected against

Plasmodium falciparum malaria

refer to climatic factors such as temperature, humidity, or amount of rainfall in a particular place that affect the development and survival of parasites

Physical factors

Tropical countries where there is warmer temperature, higher rainfall and less seasonal changes have optimum conditions that are most favorable for the survival, development and transmission of

STH.

made up of many variables such as occupation, family income, educational achievement, living conditions, and social standing

Socioeconomic factors

The frequency of many adverse health conditions increases with

decreasing socioeconomic status

increase the speed and efficiency of parasite transmission and spread

Crowded living conditions

Infections or diseases affect the (?) in the world, settings where large numbers of people have little or no access to adequate health care, clean water, sanitation, housing, education and information

poorest people