Module 1 - Ions and Electrolyte function Flashcards
Water is important in the body for R———- B— T———-
Regulating body temperature
Water is important in the body for L———- J—–
Lubricating joints
Water is important in the body for F——– — W—- P——-, reducing burden on the kidneys and liver
Flushing out waste products
Water is important in the body for carrying N——– and O—– to cells
Nutrients; oxygen
Water is important in the body for M——— T—— such as those in the mouth, eyes, and nose
Moistening tissues
Water is important in the body for P——— body organs and tissues
Protecting
Water is important in the body for preventing C———–
Constipation
Water is important in the body for D——— M——– and other nutrients to make them accessible to the body
Dissolving minerals
When we loss 1-2% of our body weight in water we experience T—–, F——, D———, and L— of A——-
Thirst; fatigue; discomfort; lack of appetite
When we loss 3-4% of our body weight in water we experience I——- P———-, D– M—-, ↓ U—- V—–, F—— S—, I———, and A—–
Impaired performance; dry mouth, urine volume, flushed skin, impatience, apathy
When we loss 5-6% of our body weight in water we experience D——— C————, H——-, I———–, S———, I——- T———- R———, ↑ R———- R—-
Difficulty concentrating, headache; irritability, sleepiness; impaired temperature regulation, respiratory rate
When we loss 7-10% of our body weight in water we experience D——–, S—— M——, L— of B——, D——-, E———, C——
Dizziness, spastic muscles; loss of balance; delirium, exhaustion; collapse
A fetus is made up of ___% water
100
A newborn baby is made up of ___% water
80
A normal adult is made up of ___% water
70
An elderly person is made up of ___% water
50
water content in a person varies with G—–, % B— F–, and % M—– M—
Gender, body fat, muscle mass
Name 5 ways that fluid lost from the body?
Sweat Vomit Oxalated gut Diarrhoea Urine
Name 3 ways to replace lost fluid in the body?
Orally
Intra-peritoneal drip
IV drip
Total fluid loss over 24 hours is approximately _____ ml
2500
The scientific equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
The chemical reaction for respiration within a cell.
Respiration is defined as
The oxidation of sugar by organisms.
Water can be replaced by R———- within cells
Respiration
Total body water = ___% of body weight
60
40% of water weight found in I————- F—–
Intracellular fluid
20% of water weight is found in E———— F—–
Extracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid volume = 80% of E———— F—-
Extracellular fluid
Body fluid is comprised of W—- and S——-
Water; solutes
Name 3 types of non-electrolytes found in body fluids
Glucose; Lipids; Urea
Name 4 types of electrolytes found in body fluids
Na+, K+, Ca2+ Cl-
If whole blood is placed in the centrifuge 55% is P—– and is the L—- D—-
Plasma; Least dense
If whole blood is placed in the centrifuge, 45% is E———– and is M— D—-
Erythrocytes; most dense
____________ dissociate into ions in water
Electrolytes
___________ are the most abundant solutes
Electrolytes
___________ have strong osmotic power
Electrolytes
___________ contribute to fluid shifts
Electrolytes
__________ determine chemical and physical reactions of fluids
Electrolytes
Na+ sodium is in highest concentration in the ————- fluid
Extracellular
K+ Potassium is in highest concentration in the ————- fluid
Intracellular
Cl- is in highest concentration in the ————– fluid
Extracellular
Phosphate is in highest concentration in the ————- fluid
Intracellular
The sodium-potassium pump involves, ——- ions being pumped out of the cell, whilst —— ions are pumped in
Sodium; Potassium
What is the energy that drives the sodium-potassium pump called?
ATP energy
Electrolytes are involved in the regulation of water content in the body and ——
Thirst
Electrolytes are distributed between body compartments with fluids shifting between ___ and ___
ECF and ICF
Electrolytes are involved in D———- and O—–
Dehydration; Oedema
Electrolytes are involved in O——
Osmosis
Electrolytes are involved in N—- I—— C——— and M—— C———–
Nerve impulse conduction; Muscle contraction
Electrolytes are involved in the function of A—– P———
Action potentials
Sodium Na+ is the main cation in —
ECF
Na+ promotes W—- R——–
Water retention
Na+ maintains B—- V—–
Blood volume
Na+ maintains B—- P——-
Blood pressure
Na+ Resting M——- P——–
Membrane potential
Adults need about —g of sodium each day for homeostasis
0.5
Most of us have excess sodium in our diet, so the concern is ?
Getting rid of the excess
Na= is regulated by A———-, A—-D——- H——- (ADH), and A—– N———- P—— (ANP)
Aldosterone; Anti-diuretic hormone; Atrial natriuretic peptide
Too much sodium in the blood
Hypernatremia
Too little sodium in the blood
Hyponatremia
What are 5 symptoms of hypernatremia?
Thirst, hypertension; oedema; agitation; convulsions
What are 3 causes of hypernatremia?
Dehydration, water deprivation, high sodium diet
What are 3 causes of hyponatremia?
Vomiting, drinking too much fluid, low dietary intake
What are 3 symptoms of hypernatremia?
Muscular weakness, dizziness, hypotension
What is the main cation in ICF?
Potassium
Potassium helps maintain normal — volume
ICF
K+ is involved in neuromuscular function and R——- M——– P——–
Resting membrane potential
RDI of K+ is?
3500mg per day
Excess K+ is ?
excreted in urine
K+ is regulated by A———–
Aldosterone
Too much K+ results in
Hyperkalemia
Too little K+ results in
Hypokalemia
What 2 things can cause hyperkalemia?
Crush injury, renal failure
Name 5 symptoms of hyperkalemia?
Irritability Nausea Vomiting Diarrhoea Cardiac irregularities (arrest)
Name 3 causes of hypokalemia?
Prolonged vomiting/diarrhoea
Kidney disease
Diuretics
Name 3 symptoms of hypokalemia?
Muscle fatigue
Confusion
Cardiac irregularities (arrest)
Name 3 functions of chloride Cl-
Stomach acid
Anion in ECF
Regulating PH
Chloride has a strong attraction to ——- in homeostasis
Sodium
Too much chloride
Hyperchloremia
Too little chloride
Hypochloremia
2 causes of hyperchloremia?
Dietary excess
IV saline solution
2 causes of Hypochloremia?
Side effect of hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia? Acidosis?
Name 4 functions of calcium?
Skeletal strength
Muscle contractions
Neurotransmitter
Blood clotting
Calcium is involved in the homeostasis of H——— C——-
Hormonal control
2 hormones that calcium is involved in, in homeostasis
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitrol/Calcitonin
4 effects of hypercalcemia?
Reduced membrane Sodium permeability
Depressed reflexes
muscular weakness
Cardiac arrhythmias
2 effects of hypocalcemia?
Abnormal nervous and muscular excitement; weak bones
Name 4 functions of phosphates?
Energy
Components of phospholipids and nucleic acids
Activating enzymes and metabolic pathways
Regulating PH
Phosphates are involved in the homeostasis of R—- c——- and P———- hormone
Renal control
Parathyroid hormone
