Module 1 - Body temperature and regulation Flashcards
———– is the measure of the ——— of heat in an object
Temperature; intensity
—- or ——– energy is a form of kinetic energy that results from vibration of atoms and molecules
Heat; thermal
—- temperature is the temperature of organs of the body cavities
Core
—– temperature is the temperature of the surface of the body
Shell
At –˚c muscles fail
28
At –˚c Loss of body temperature control occurs
30
At –˚c Loss of consciousness occurs
33
–˚c is the normal body temperature
37
At –˚c central nervous system breakdowns
42
At –˚c death occurs
44
The mercury-in-glass thermometer is also known as a ——— ———-
Clinical thermometer
An electronic (digital) thermometer
Thermistor
Plastic strip that can be placed on the head to take temperature
Liquid-crystal thermometer
A thermometer that measures the intensity of infrared radiation emitted from the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Tympanic membrane thermometer
Core body temperature changes throughout the day. This is known as ——– ———
Cyclical variation
When is core body temperature at its lowest
Around 4am
Heat can be transferred from the body to the environment in four ways. What are they?
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation
Transfer of heat from a warm object to a cool object which occurs usually between solids
Conduction
With conduction —– amounts of heat are lost
small
transfer of heat by movement of a fluid (gas or liquid) between areas of different temperature
Convection
Convection is a —- process
Slow
Transfer of heat in form of infrared rays between a warmer and a cooler object
Radiation
—- or —– objects absorb infrared radiation more readily than light ones
Dull; black
——– surfaces reflect infrared rays
Silvered
Conversion of a liquid to a vapour
Evaporation
22% of heat loss from the body is as a result of ———–
Evaporation
15% of heat loss from the body is as a result of ———-
Convection
3% of heat loss from the body is as a result of ———–
Conduction
60% of heat loss from the body is as a result of ———
Radiation
——– are at a high risk for large amounts of heat loss
Neonates
Maintenance of body temperature is a balancing act between —– ———– and —- —–
Heat production; heat loss
How does the body produce heat?
1. B—- M———-
Basal metabolism
How does the body produce heat?
2. M——- A——-
Muscular activity
How does the body produce heat?
3. Hormones - T——— and E———-
Thyroxine; Epinephrine
How does the body produce heat?
4. T———- effect on —–
Temperature; cells
Body temperature is maintained by which part of the brain?
Hypothalamus
A reaction that releases heat
Exothermic
Heat promoting centres - S—, A—— g—–, T—— g—–, and S——- M—–
Skin; Adrenal glands, Thyroid gland; Skeletal muscle
How does skin promote heating of the body?
Vasoconstriction and reduced blood flow
How do the adrenal glands promote heating of the body?
Increased adrenaline and noradrenaline raises BMR
How does the thyroid gland promote heating of the body?
Increased thyroxine raised BMR
How does skeletal muscle promote heating of the body?
Shivering
Heat losing centres - S—, A—— g—–, and T—— g—–
Skin, adrenal glands, thyroid gland
How does skin promote cooling of the body?
Vasodiliation and increased blood flow
How do the adrenal glands promote cooling of the body?
Reduced adrenaline and noradrenaline, lowering BMR
How does the thyroid gland promote cooling of the body?
Reduced thyroxine, lowers BMR
A persistently high body temperature above 37.5˚c
Hyperthermia
A persistently low temperature below 36.5˚c
Hypothermia
Hyperthermia occurs as a result of problems with H— D———– or increased M——– rate
Heat dissipation; metabolic
Describe symptoms of hyperthermia
Feeling hot, sweating and flushed
Excessive or prolonged sweat which leads to considerable fluid and electrolyte loss is known as —- ———-
Heat exhaustion
Describe 5 symptoms of heat exhaustion
heat cramps, low blood pressure, fainting, skin feels cool and wet, sweating
When a person’s ability to respond to high environmental temperature is impaired and hence core temperature rises dramatically, this is known as —- ——
Heat stroke
Name 5 symptoms of heat stroke
Skin is hot and dry (no sweating) rapid heartbeat confusion irritability rapid and shallow breathing
Which is more serious, heat stroke or heat exhaustion?
Heat stroke
Body temperature increases due to a re-setting of the set point of the hypothalamus by pyrogens
Pyrexia
——- occurs when the body has a new temperature set-point it will respond by trying to conserve heat and generate heat.
Pyrexia
Beneficial effects of pyrexia 1.
Hinders replication of some pathogens
Beneficial effects of pyrexia 2.
Intensifies the rate of effects of fighter cells
Beneficial effects of pyrexia 3. Increased —– —- resulting in
Heart rate, quicker delivery of WBC’s to infection site
Beneficial effects of pyrexia 4. Increased ——— ——–/metabolic rate = increased ——- ———–
Chemical reactions; repair mechanisms
The second stage of a fever occurs when ———– is greater than the — —–
temperature; set-point
What are the symptoms of the second stage of a fever?
Feeling hot
perspiring
appearing flushed
When the second stage of a fever is reached, what can be used to promote heat loss?
Antipyretics
What is the principle cause of hypothermia?
Low environmental temperature
From 36-35˚c, V————-, S——-, and ——— BP occur
Vasoconstriction, shivering, increased
From-34-33˚c poor C————, C——–, —— BP occur
Coordination, confusion, normal
From 32-31˚c Consciousness is C——, ——- shivering, and — BP
clouded; reduced; low
From 30-29˚c Loss of ————- and M——- R——- occur
Consciousness; muscular rigidity
Below 28˚c Risk of C—— A—–
Cardiac arrest
