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Medical Assistant > Module 1: Foundational Knowledge and Basic Sciences > Flashcards

Module 1: Foundational Knowledge and Basic Sciences Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Fee for Service

A
  • Providers and medical facilities bill insurances and patients for the services provided
  • Benefits: patients only pay for services they use
  • Cons: can lead to unnecessary visits, tests, and procedures
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2
Q

What are the Quadruple Aims

A
  1. Improved patient outcomes
  2. Improved patient satisfaction
  3. Lower Cost
  4. Healthcare professionals’ well-being
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3
Q

Managed Care plans

A

Plans that provide healthcare in return for preset scheduled payments

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4
Q

Capitation (partial or full)

A
  • Payments are assigned a per-member, per-month payments
  • Based on age, race, sex, lifestyle, med history etc.
  • Rates are tied to expected usage regardless of how often the patients visits
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5
Q

Health maintenance organization plans

A
  • Require referrals to specialists
  • Contracts with a medical center or group of providers to provide preventive and acute care for the insured person
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6
Q

Preferred provider organization plans

A
  • A patient can go to a specialist without referrals
  • Cost depends on if the provider is within the plan’s panel
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7
Q

Point-of-service (POS) plan

A
  • Patients can self-refer to specialists
  • Cost depends on if the provider is within the plan’s panel
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8
Q

Analgesics indication and examples

A
  • Relieves pain
  • Acetaminophen, hydrocodone, codeine
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9
Q

Antacids/anti-ulcer indication and examples

A
  • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
  • Esomeprazole, calcium carbonate, famotidine
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10
Q

Antibiotics indication and examples

A
  • Bacterial infections
  • Amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin
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11
Q

Anticholinergics indication and examples

A
  • smooth muscle spasms
  • Ipratropium, dicyclomine, hyoscyamine
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12
Q

anticoagulants

A
  • delay blood clotting
  • Warfarin, apixaban, heparin
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13
Q

Anticonvulsants indications and examples

A
  • Prevent or control seizures
  • Clonazepam, phenytoin, gabapentin
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14
Q

Antiemetics indications and examples

A
  • Reduce nausea, vomiting
  • Metoclopramide, ondansetron
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15
Q

Antidepressants examples

A

Doxepin, fluoxetine, duloxetine, selegiline

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16
Q

antidiarrheals examples

A

Bismuth subsalicylate, loperamide, dipehnoxylate/atropine

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17
Q

antifungals examples

A

Fluconazole, nystatin, miconazole

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18
Q

Antihistamines indications and examples

A
  • Relieve allergies
  • Diphenhydramine, cetirizine, loratadine
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19
Q

Antihypertensives examples

A
  • Metoprolol, lisinopril, valsartan, clonidine
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20
Q

Anti-inflammatories examples

A
  • Ibuprofen, celecoxib, naproxen
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21
Q

antilipemics indications and examples

A
  • Lower cholesterol
  • Atorvastatin, fenofibrate, cholestyramine
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22
Q

antimigraine examples

A
  • Topiramate, sumatriptan, rizatriptan, zolmitriptan
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23
Q

Anti-osteoporosis agents indications and examples

A
  • Improve bone density
  • Alendronate, raloxifene, calcitonin
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24
Q

Antipyretics indications and examples

A
  • Reduce fever

Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, aspirin

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25
Q

Antitussives/expectorants indications

A

Control cough, promote the elimination of mucus

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26
Q

diuretics indications and examples

A
  • Eliminate excess fluid

Furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide

27
Q

Drug Schedule 1

A
  • substances with a high potential for abuse and currently no approved medical use in the U.S.
  • illegal, and providers may not prescribe them.
  • heroin, mescaline, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
28
Q

Drug Schedule 2

A
  • substances that have a high potential for abuse, are considered dangerous, and can lead to psychological and physical dependence
  • approved for medical use.
  • include morphine, methadone, oxycodone, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and amphetamine
29
Q

Drug Schedule 3

A
  • substances with moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence
  • include ketamine, anabolic steroids, acetaminophen with codeine, and buprenorphine.
30
Q

Drug Schedule 4

A
  • substances that have a low potential for abuse and dependence
  • tramadol and benzodiazepines
31
Q

Drug Schedule 5

A
  • substances that contain limited quantities of some narcotics, usually for antidiarrheal, antitussive, and analgesic purposes.
32
Q

Difference bw side effects, adverse effects

A
  • Side effects are undesirable unintended actions on the body, such as nausea or dry mouth (but predictable)
  • Adverse effects are unintended, harmful actions of the medication, such as an allergic reaction, and prevent further use of the medication.
33
Q

Diffirence between indications and contraindications

A
  • indication for a medication is the symptoms or reason a medication is prescribed
  • contraindications are symptoms or conditions that make a particular treatment or medication inadvisable or even dangerous.
34
Q

A provider prescribes diphenhydramine 50 mg for a patient who is having a mild allergic reaction. Available are 25 mg capsules. How many capsules do you give the patient?

A

2 capsules

35
Q

When to perform the three checks before administering any medication

A
  • Check the medication against the prescription when the medication is selected.
  • Check the medication and prescription when preparing the dose.
  • Recheck the medication before restocking the bottle.
36
Q

Name 7 medication rights and how to use them

A
  • patient: 2 pt identifiers
  • medication: check label 3 times
  • dose: compare dose on rx and pt medical record
  • time: check if pt needs empty stomach to avoid interactions and etc.
  • route: compare route on rx and planned route
  • technique: IM= 90 degree angle, ID=10-15 degree and SI = 45 degree
  • documentation: always after giving medication to pt
37
Q

six primary nutrients:

A

water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, and vitamins.

38
Q

The human body is 50% to ?% water

A

80%

39
Q

When showing patients how to read food labels, what does a MA need to emphasize?

A
  • to check the ingredients list,
  • the serving size
  • number of servings in the package.
  • important components/nutrients based on patient’s situation
40
Q

Patients who are at risk for or have heart disease should be cautious about…

A

sodium and cholesterol

41
Q

patients at risk for bone loss will want to check…

A

calcium amounts and choose foods that increase their dietary calcium intake

42
Q

Function/Intended Benefit and safety considerations: vitamin A

A
  • Night vision, cell growth and maintenance, the health of the skin
  • Toxicity = headaches, peeling skin, and bone thickening.
43
Q

Function/Intended Benefit and safety considerations: vitamin D

A
  • Calcium absorption, bone and tooth health, heart and nerve function
  • Toxicity = kidney failure, metastatic calcification, and anorexia.
44
Q

Function/Intended Benefit and safety considerations: vitamin K

A
  • Blood clotting, bone growth
  • Can counteract blood clotting medications, reducing their efficiency
45
Q

Function/Intended Benefit and safety considerations: vitamin B3

A
  • Carbohydrate and fat metabolism

Toxicity can occur if levels are too high, leading to red, itching skin with tingling.

46
Q

Function/Intended Benefit and safety considerations: melatonin

A
  • help with sleep regulation and combat aging
  • Can result in drowsiness and headaches
  • May interfere with conception
47
Q

Function/Intended Benefit and safety considerations

A
48
Q

Function/Intended Benefit: Vitamin E

A

Protection of cells (including skin and brain), formation of blood cells

49
Q

Function/Intended Benefit: vitamin B2

A
  • Carbohydrate metabolism, heart, nerve, and muscle function
50
Q

Function/Intended Benefit: Vitamin B12

A

Protein and fat metabolism, nerve-cell maintenance, cell development

51
Q

Function/Intended Benefit: Vitamin C

A

Immunity, iron absorption, the structure of bones, muscle, and blood vessels

52
Q

Benefits of Gingko biloba

A

Improves memory and mental function by increasing blood flow to the brain

53
Q

Benefits of St. John’s wort

A

treatment for depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders

54
Q

Benefits of Black Cohosh

A

Relief of menopause symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats, headaches etc.

55
Q

Benefits of Willow bark

A

pain relief

56
Q

what is the goal of a healthy diet for a person who has diabetes?

A

to control blood sugar levels

  • prevent them from going too high or too low
57
Q

Dietary modifications for kidney disease (step 1-5)

A
  1. Limit salt/sodium
  2. Be cautious with protein
  3. Protect your heart
  4. Minimize phosphorus intake (kidneys excrete phosphorus and excess due to kidney disease can damage bones)
  5. Control potassium levels (increased potassium in bloodstream can damage heart, muscles, and nerves)
58
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

59
Q

What is ischemia

A

Loss of blood flow to an organ of the body

60
Q

In pharmacology, which organ metabolizes medication

A

liver

61
Q

In pharmacology, which organs excrete medication

A

kidney, bladder and urethra

62
Q

In pharmacology, which organ distributes medication

A

blood circulation/heart

63
Q

What is anemia

A

When there are low RBC that can cause fatigue and shortness of breath

Medical Assistant (15 decks)

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