Module 1: Foundational Knowledge and Basic Sciences Flashcards
Fee for Service
- Providers and medical facilities bill insurances and patients for the services provided
- Benefits: patients only pay for services they use
- Cons: can lead to unnecessary visits, tests, and procedures
What are the Quadruple Aims
- Improved patient outcomes
- Improved patient satisfaction
- Lower Cost
- Healthcare professionals’ well-being
Managed Care plans
Plans that provide healthcare in return for preset scheduled payments
Capitation (partial or full)
- Payments are assigned a per-member, per-month payments
- Based on age, race, sex, lifestyle, med history etc.
- Rates are tied to expected usage regardless of how often the patients visits
Health maintenance organization plans
- Require referrals to specialists
- Contracts with a medical center or group of providers to provide preventive and acute care for the insured person
Preferred provider organization plans
- A patient can go to a specialist without referrals
- Cost depends on if the provider is within the plan’s panel
Point-of-service (POS) plan
- Patients can self-refer to specialists
- Cost depends on if the provider is within the plan’s panel
Analgesics indication and examples
- Relieves pain
- Acetaminophen, hydrocodone, codeine
Antacids/anti-ulcer indication and examples
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- Esomeprazole, calcium carbonate, famotidine
Antibiotics indication and examples
- Bacterial infections
- Amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin
Anticholinergics indication and examples
- smooth muscle spasms
- Ipratropium, dicyclomine, hyoscyamine
anticoagulants
- delay blood clotting
- Warfarin, apixaban, heparin
Anticonvulsants indications and examples
- Prevent or control seizures
- Clonazepam, phenytoin, gabapentin
Antiemetics indications and examples
- Reduce nausea, vomiting
- Metoclopramide, ondansetron
Antidepressants examples
Doxepin, fluoxetine, duloxetine, selegiline
antidiarrheals examples
Bismuth subsalicylate, loperamide, dipehnoxylate/atropine
antifungals examples
Fluconazole, nystatin, miconazole
Antihistamines indications and examples
- Relieve allergies
- Diphenhydramine, cetirizine, loratadine
Antihypertensives examples
- Metoprolol, lisinopril, valsartan, clonidine
Anti-inflammatories examples
- Ibuprofen, celecoxib, naproxen
antilipemics indications and examples
- Lower cholesterol
- Atorvastatin, fenofibrate, cholestyramine
antimigraine examples
- Topiramate, sumatriptan, rizatriptan, zolmitriptan
Anti-osteoporosis agents indications and examples
- Improve bone density
- Alendronate, raloxifene, calcitonin
Antipyretics indications and examples
- Reduce fever
Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, aspirin
Antitussives/expectorants indications
Control cough, promote the elimination of mucus
diuretics indications and examples
- Eliminate excess fluid
Furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide
Drug Schedule 1
- substances with a high potential for abuse and currently no approved medical use in the U.S.
- illegal, and providers may not prescribe them.
- heroin, mescaline, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Drug Schedule 2
- substances that have a high potential for abuse, are considered dangerous, and can lead to psychological and physical dependence
- approved for medical use.
- include morphine, methadone, oxycodone, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and amphetamine
Drug Schedule 3
- substances with moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence
- include ketamine, anabolic steroids, acetaminophen with codeine, and buprenorphine.
Drug Schedule 4
- substances that have a low potential for abuse and dependence
- tramadol and benzodiazepines
Drug Schedule 5
- substances that contain limited quantities of some narcotics, usually for antidiarrheal, antitussive, and analgesic purposes.
Difference bw side effects, adverse effects
- Side effects are undesirable unintended actions on the body, such as nausea or dry mouth (but predictable)
- Adverse effects are unintended, harmful actions of the medication, such as an allergic reaction, and prevent further use of the medication.
Diffirence between indications and contraindications
- indication for a medication is the symptoms or reason a medication is prescribed
- contraindications are symptoms or conditions that make a particular treatment or medication inadvisable or even dangerous.
A provider prescribes diphenhydramine 50 mg for a patient who is having a mild allergic reaction. Available are 25 mg capsules. How many capsules do you give the patient?
2 capsules
When to perform the three checks before administering any medication
- Check the medication against the prescription when the medication is selected.
- Check the medication and prescription when preparing the dose.
- Recheck the medication before restocking the bottle.
Name 7 medication rights and how to use them
- patient: 2 pt identifiers
- medication: check label 3 times
- dose: compare dose on rx and pt medical record
- time: check if pt needs empty stomach to avoid interactions and etc.
- route: compare route on rx and planned route
- technique: IM= 90 degree angle, ID=10-15 degree and SI = 45 degree
- documentation: always after giving medication to pt
six primary nutrients:
water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, and vitamins.
The human body is 50% to ?% water
80%
When showing patients how to read food labels, what does a MA need to emphasize?
- to check the ingredients list,
- the serving size
- number of servings in the package.
- important components/nutrients based on patient’s situation
Patients who are at risk for or have heart disease should be cautious about…
sodium and cholesterol
patients at risk for bone loss will want to check…
calcium amounts and choose foods that increase their dietary calcium intake
Function/Intended Benefit and safety considerations: vitamin A
- Night vision, cell growth and maintenance, the health of the skin
- Toxicity = headaches, peeling skin, and bone thickening.
Function/Intended Benefit and safety considerations: vitamin D
- Calcium absorption, bone and tooth health, heart and nerve function
- Toxicity = kidney failure, metastatic calcification, and anorexia.
Function/Intended Benefit and safety considerations: vitamin K
- Blood clotting, bone growth
- Can counteract blood clotting medications, reducing their efficiency
Function/Intended Benefit and safety considerations: vitamin B3
- Carbohydrate and fat metabolism
Toxicity can occur if levels are too high, leading to red, itching skin with tingling.
Function/Intended Benefit and safety considerations: melatonin
- help with sleep regulation and combat aging
- Can result in drowsiness and headaches
- May interfere with conception
Function/Intended Benefit and safety considerations
Function/Intended Benefit: Vitamin E
Protection of cells (including skin and brain), formation of blood cells
Function/Intended Benefit: vitamin B2
- Carbohydrate metabolism, heart, nerve, and muscle function
Function/Intended Benefit: Vitamin B12
Protein and fat metabolism, nerve-cell maintenance, cell development
Function/Intended Benefit: Vitamin C
Immunity, iron absorption, the structure of bones, muscle, and blood vessels
Benefits of Gingko biloba
Improves memory and mental function by increasing blood flow to the brain
Benefits of St. John’s wort
treatment for depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders
Benefits of Black Cohosh
Relief of menopause symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats, headaches etc.
Benefits of Willow bark
pain relief
what is the goal of a healthy diet for a person who has diabetes?
to control blood sugar levels
- prevent them from going too high or too low
Dietary modifications for kidney disease (step 1-5)
- Limit salt/sodium
- Be cautious with protein
- Protect your heart
- Minimize phosphorus intake (kidneys excrete phosphorus and excess due to kidney disease can damage bones)
- Control potassium levels (increased potassium in bloodstream can damage heart, muscles, and nerves)
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
What is ischemia
Loss of blood flow to an organ of the body
In pharmacology, which organ metabolizes medication
liver
In pharmacology, which organs excrete medication
kidney, bladder and urethra
In pharmacology, which organ distributes medication
blood circulation/heart
What is anemia
When there are low RBC that can cause fatigue and shortness of breath
