Module 1 Flashcards
1
Q
gene
A
a specific segment of DNA in a discrete region of a chromosome that serves as a unit of function by encoding a particular RNA or protein.
2
Q
darwin published his findings in
A
on the origin of the species
3
Q
what did darwin study
A
alternative traits in pea plants
4
Q
where was mendel based in
A
austria
5
Q
gregor mendel was a
A
monk
6
Q
why were the peas a good model
A
peas are self fertilizing
they can be crossed fertilized
peas allow for pure bred lines
havge discrete alternative traits
7
Q
cross fertalized
A
pollen from one flower can be put onto female flower
8
Q
F1 means
A
first filial
9
Q
F2 means
A
second filial
10
Q
pea experiment describe it
A
he had 2 pure colored peas and mixed them together. they all came out to be yellow. however, the next generation after that was mixed with more yellow but some green.
11
Q
gregor mendels results said
A
a trait must have 2 forms (dominant and recessive)
alternative forms pf tje traits are called alleles.
for each trait a individual carries 2 alleles one from mother and father
12
Q
Punnet square used to visualize a
A
cross
13
Q
who made punnet squares
A
reginald punnet, did it with chickens
14
Q
Mendels first law of segregation
A
the two alleles of each trait separate during gamete formation and then unite at random one from each parent at fertilization.
15
Q
what allele is seen in f1 generation
A
Dominant
16
Q
test cross
A
crossing organism with genotype you dont know. and with genotype you do know.
17
Q
mendels laws typically apply to
A
diploids
18
Q
in mendels first law an allele passed from parents to is
A
random
19
Q
mendels dihybrid cross
A
used to determine multiple traits of an organism. such as green and wrinkled.
20
Q
law of independent assortment
A
21
Q
crossing heterozygous individuals for 2 traits gives a ratio of
A
9:3:3:1
22
Q
crossing heterozygous individuals for 2 traits gives a ratio of 9:3:3:1 but the color ratio and wrinkled ratio seperatley are still
A
3:1
23
Q
crossing heterozygous individuals for 2 traits would give a 9/16 and 1/16 in F2 generation. and recombinent phenoyupes of 3/16 and 3/16. mendel explained this as
A
two traits being followed in the dihybrid cross must be inherited independently meaning they were not linked.
24
Q
mendels law of independent assortment
A
during gamete formation different pairs seperate independelty of each other. this means getting a specific trait diesbt influence which trait you get for a different gene.
25
law of independent assortment occurs in metaphase 1 of
meiosis
26
inheritence is particulate not
blending
27
blending
offspring inherit trauts as a simple blend of their parents characteristics. like mixing paint
28
gamate contain ___ form of each trait
one
29
forms segregate
randomly
30
different traits assort ___
independetly. wrinkeld was independent of color
31
what makes a dominant and recessive allele. example:
R has an enzyme that can convert un branched starch to branched starch making it round. and small r doesnt have that enzyme so it remains unbranchjed making it wrinkled.
32
staining cells allow for
better visualization
33
who used staining to see thread like structures in cell division
walter flemming
34
what shape is chromosome
X
35
what is center of chromosp,e called
centromere
36
what are sister chromatids
the lower parts of the X
37
If x is rather even it is a ____ chromosome
metacentric
38
if x is lopsided it is a ____- chromosome
acrocentric
39
non sister chromatids are
create similar but not identical homologous chromosomes
40
sister chromatids create
identical copies of chromosome
41
mitosis occurs in ___ cells
somatic
42
has 2 daughter cells that contain same number of chromosomes as parennt
mitosis
43
what type of cell division creates daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell contains
meiosis
44
meiosis occurs in
germ cells.
45
where do germ cells that do meiosis are
tests and ovaries
46
purpose of meiosis is to make cells that are
involved in sexual reproduction
47
in meiosis one cell divolves into
4 daughter cells (sperm and eggs)
48
single chromosome set known as
haploid or n
49
mitosis results in ____ cells
somatic
50
gametes have a ____ chromosome set
single
51
mitosis makes 2 matching sets or
diploid/ 2n
52
in humans the diploid number is
46
53
human haploid number is
23
54
meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells from ___ to __
2n to n
55
how many rounds of dna replication does meiosis have
1
56
how many types of cell division are there
2. (meiosis and mitosis)
57
how many cell divisions is in meiosis
2. meiosis I and II
58
prior to meiosis I what occurs
dna replication
59
In meiosis I ____ seperate
pairs of chromosomes
60
in meiosis II____ seperates
sister chromatids
61
each meiosis phase has how many phases
3. PMAT
62
how many phases are in Prophase
5
63
prophase phases in order
Leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis
64
Leptotene
centromeres begin to move towards opposite poles, and chromosomes thicken
65
zygotene
homologous chromosomes come together to undergo synapsis
66
pachytene
synapsis is complete, crossing over occurs
67
crossing over.
genetic exchange between non sister chromatids and homologous pairs
68
diplotene
the synaptonemal complex dissolves, and homologous chromosomes separate from each other, except at the crossing over sites. These sites are called chiasmata, and X-shaped compositions form.
Diakinesis
69
diakinesis
The chiasmata terminalize, and the meiotic spindle assembles. The nucleolus disappears, and the nuclear envelope dissociates. Chromosomes reach their maximum coiling and shortening at this stag
70
meiosis I metaphase I
homologous chromosomes line up as pairs along metaphase plate or equator of cell. spindle fibers attach to chromosome
71
meiosis I anaphase I
homologous chromosome pairs pulled to opposite pars, and sister chromatids satay together.
72
Meiosis I telophase I
nuclear envelope reforms. cells have half the number of chromsomes
73
interkinesis
period between meiosis I and II. no chromosomal duplication
74
Meiosis II Prophase II
chromatids become thicker and shorter. nuclear membrane dissapears. spindle fibers reassemble
75
meiosis II metaphase II
chromosomes aling along with metaphase plate and spindle fibers attach to chromsomes
76
Meiosis II Anaphase II
sister chromatids move to opposite poles
77
Meiosis II Telophase II
chromosomes uncoil and go back to normal bout it has a reduced chromosome number. nuclear membrane reforms
78
Prophase I again
crossing over takes place
79
crossing over process cartoony explanation
2 X's and you cut off an arm on each and stick it on other
80
after meiosis
gametes are ready for fertizilation
81
fertilization gives you a
zygote
82
fertilization restores
diploid number of chromosomes
83
human karyotype all chromosomes explained
1-22 chromosomes known as autosomes and last X and Y are sex chromosomes
84
boveri and sutton proposed _____
chromosome theory
85
chromsome theory
proposes that chromsomes bear hereditary factors in
accordance with Mendelian laws
86
in chromosome theory each cell contains ___ copies of each chromosome
2
87
mendels proposal each cell contains ___ copies of each gene
2
88
chromosome theory- transmission
chromosomes dont change with transmission
89
Mendel’s proposal- transmission
genes dont change with transmission
90
mendels theory- allele
alternative alles segregare to different gamatres (law of segregation)
91
chromosome theory
homologous chromosome pair and then seperate to different gametes (metaphase and anaphase I)
92
chromosome theory- assortment
Maternal and paternal copies of
chromosome pairs separate without regard to the assortment
of other homologous chromosome pairs
93
mendel theory- assortment
Alternative alleles of unrelated genes assort independently
(Law of Independent Assortment)
94
chromosome theory- alleles unite randomly
At fertilization, an egg’s set of
chromosomes unite with randomly encountered sperm’s
chromosomes
95
mendels theory of alleles
alleles obtained from one parent unite at random
with those from another parent
96
chromosome theory fertelized egg
In all cells derived from a fertilized
egg, one chromosomes in a pair is of maternal origin, and the
other chromosome in the pair is of paternal origin
97
mendels theory- fertilized egg
In all cells derived from a fertilized gamete, one half
of genes are of maternal origin, and half are paternal.
98
Genetic diversity due to meiosis occurs in 2 ways
independent assortment of non homologous chromosomes and crossing over between homologous chromosomes
99
independent assortment of non homologous chromosomes
different combinations of alleles aong chromosoems
100
crossing over between homologous chromosome
different combinations of alleles within each chromosome
101
independent assort takes place in
metaphase I along metephase plate
102
walter sutton studied
great lubber grasshopper
103
walter sutton after studying grasshoppers discovered
after fertilization grasshoppers with XY were males and XX were females
104
who determines gender in child
father
105
what chromosome will females give
1-22 autosomes and one X
106
what chromosomes will males give
1-22 autosomes and an X or a Y
107
chromosome theory prediciton
if genes are on specific chromosomes, then
traits determined by a certain gene should be transmitted
with the chromosome
108
thomas hunt morgan used what for his testing
drosophila, fruit fly
109
why did thomas hunt use drosophila
eye color, easy to tell male and female
110
why was there a white eye in fruit fly
mutation
111
a mutation in allels would b represented like
w^+w or ww
112
thomas hunt after finding white eye ran test crosses and end found that all red means
white eye is recessive trait
113
in thomas hunts next gebneration he crosses 2 heterozygous and found all white eyes were
Male
114
in thomas hunts third cross he got ratio of
1:1 ratio with males and females
115
in thomas hunts 4th cross he got
1:1 ratio but alll males had white eyes again
116
thomas hunts last cross was a ____
reciprocal cross
117
reciprocal cross
a breeding experiment that involves crossing two organisms twice, switching the sexes of the parents in the second cross
118
Thomas Hunt found that gender based eye color could only be explained if
eye color gene was x linked. transmitted on x chromosome
119
females in thomas stock of flies could still show white eye color if
they had 2 recessive alleles
120
males in thomas hunts stock of flies would show white eyes if
they only had one allele for it. since they only have one X chromosome.
121
the males in thomas hunts experiment are said to be _____ for eye color
hemizygous
122
hemizygous
having only one copy of a gene or chromosome segment instead of the usual two
123
wild type allele
allele that is found in high frequency in a population.
124
wild type allele is denoted with
+, it is common
125
mutant alleles are ____ frequency
low
126
how are mutant alleles denoted
no symbol
127
dominant mutation written as
gene symbol is upper case
128
recessive mutation is written as
lower case gene symbole
129
hemophilia is
x linked recessive
130
Explain the correlation between Mendel's two laws and the process of meiosis
directly correlate with the physical processes that occur during meiosis, specifically the separation of homologous chromosomes during Meiosis I (Segregation) and the random alignment of these chromosomes at the metaphase plate during Meiosis I (Independent Assortment)
131
Explain the chromosomal theory of inheritance
genes are located on chromosomes, and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis explains how traits are inherited according to Mendel's laws;
132
Correlate Mendel's laws with the chromosomal theory of inheritance
he chromosomal theory of inheritance directly explains Mendel's laws, stating that chromosomes, which separate during meiosis, are the carriers of genes, thus providing a physical mechanism for the segregation and independent assortment of alleles observed by Mendel; essentially, the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis perfectly aligns with the patterns of inheritance described by Mendel's laws
