EXAM 1 microbio chapter 1 Flashcards by KEVIN ALVAREZ

What are microorganisms also called?

Microbes

Microorganisms are defined as life forms too small to be seen by the unaided human eye.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How are microorganisms defined?

Life forms too small to be seen by the unaided human eye

This definition emphasizes the microscopic nature of these organisms.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are all microbes pathogenic

no, A few are pathogenic.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How do microbes act as producers in the ecosystem?

By photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What role do microbes play in organic waste management?

Decompose organic waste.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name a few fermented foods produced by microbes.

Bread
Cheese
Alcohol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What industrial chemicals do microbes produce?

Ethanol
Acetone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What products used in manufacturing are produced by microbes?

Cellulase.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What technology is used for disease treatment that involves microbes?

Insulin-recombinant technology.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Gluconacetobacter?

A bacterium that makes cellulose

Gluconacetobacter is utilized in the production of cotton.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which bacterium is used to produce indigo?

Escherichia coli

Recombinant Escherichia coli can synthesize indigo.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What role does Trichoderma play in denim production?

It is a fungus that makes cellulolytic enzyme

Trichoderma is involved in the stone-washing process of jeans.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fill in the blank: The bacterium that makes cellulose is _______.

Gluconacetobacter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fill in the blank: The process of stone-washing jeans uses the fungal enzyme produced by _______.

Trichoderma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: Recombinant bacteria are used to produce cellulose for denim.

False

Gluconacetobacter, not recombinant bacteria, produces cellulose.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the main function of recombinant Escherichia coli in denim production?

To make indigo

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

microbiology is the study of

microorganisms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who established the system of scientific nomenclature?

Linnaeus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two names each organism has in scientific nomenclature?

Genus and specific epithet

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How are scientific names formatted?

Italicized or underlined

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In scientific nomenclature, which part of the name is capitalized?

The genus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In scientific nomenclature, which part of the name is lowercase?

The specific epithet

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What language are scientific names typically derived from?

Latin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: Scientific names are used worldwide.

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What can the specific epithet in a scientific name be?

Descriptive or honor a scientist

What bacterium is honored by the name Escherichia coli?

Theodor Escherich ## Footnote Escherichia coli is named after its discoverer, Theodor Escherich.

What is the primary habitat of Escherichia coli?

Large intestine or colon ## Footnote Escherichia coli is commonly found in the large intestine of humans and animals.

What does the term Staphylococcus refer to in Staphylococcus aureus?

Clustered (staphylo-) spherical (cocci) cells ## Footnote The prefix 'staphylo-' indicates clusters and 'cocci' refers to spherical bacteria.

What does the term aureus signify in Staphylococcus aureus?

Gold-colored ## Footnote 'Aureus' is derived from Latin, meaning 'golden,' which describes the color of the colonies.

What is the process of abbreviating scientific names after the first use?

The first letter of the genus and the specific epithet are used to abbreviate scientific names.

Provide an example of a scientific name that can be abbreviated.

Escherichia coli can be abbreviated to E. coli.

Where is Escherichia coli commonly found in the human body?

In the large intestine.

Where is Staphylococcus aureus commonly found in the human body?

On the skin.

True or False: Staphylococcus aureus is found in the large intestine.

False.

Fill in the blank: E. coli is found in the _______.

large intestine.

Fill in the blank: S. aureus is found on _______.

skin.

What is a correct scientific name upon first usage?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae ## Footnote The scientific name should be italicized and include the genus and species.

Which of the following is not a scientific name?

Baker’s yeast ## Footnote Common names are not considered scientific nomenclature.

What is the abbreviated form of Saccharomyces cerevisiae?

S. cerevisiae ## Footnote Abbreviations of scientific names are used after the first mention.

True or False: Scientific names must always be italicized.

True ## Footnote Italicization is a standard convention in scientific nomenclature.

types of microorganisms

fungi, bacteria, archaea, protista (algae and protozoa), multicellular animal parasites, viruses

what type of cells are bacteria

prokaryotes

whats significant about the cell wall pf bacteria

peptodyglycan wall

bacteria reproduce by

binary fission

for energy bacteria use

organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis

What is a key characteristic of archaea?

They lack peptidoglycan.

Where do archaea commonly live?

In extreme environments

what archaea live in extreme environment

methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles

Which domains contain extremophiles?

archaea and bacetria

What type of organisms are fungi?

Eukaryotes

: What is a key feature of fungi cell walls?

They contain chitin

How do fungi obtain energy?

They use organic chemicals for energy.

Are molds and mushrooms unicellular or multicellular

Multicellular.

What is the structure of molds and mushrooms made of?

They are composed of masses of hyphae.

protists (protozoa) are

eukaryotes

Are yeasts unicellular or multicellular?

Unicellular.

protozoa absorb or inngest

organic chemicals

protozoa may be motile via

seudopods, cilia, or flagella

algae are what type of organisms

eukaryotes

algae have what kind of cell wall

cellulose

algae does what for energy

photosynthesis

algae produces

molecular oxygen and organic compounds

Multicellular Animal Parasites are what kinda of organism

eukaryotes

Multicellular Animal Parasites are ____ parasites

worm-like

virus's are _____cullular

acecullular

viruses cores consist of

DNA and RNA core

viruses ore is surrounded by

protein coat

protein coat in viruses is enclosed in a

lipid envelope

viruses only replicate when they are

in a living host

bacteriology

study of bacteria

mycology

study of fungi

virology

study of viruses

parasiology

study of protozoa and prasitic worms

history of microbiology

first life on earth

first observations of microorganism was done by

robert hooke in 1665. (little boxes or cells)

who descibed living microorganisms in 1676

anton van leeuwenhoek

Cell theory (Schwann, 1839)

All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells

Spontaneous generation

iving organisms arise from nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life

biogenesis

living organisms arise from preexisting life

who demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air in 1861

louis pasteur

explain louis pasteur experiment to determine microorganisms in the air

weird shaped bottle has s shaped tube. the contents in bottle is sterile. and bacteria can only get halfway through the S since it doesn't rise. past the bottom point. but if you tilt the tube the air gets inside the sterile tube and contaminates it.

pasteur showed microbes are responsible for

fermentation

spoilage of bacteria could be killed by

heat

what is responsible for spoilage of food

microbial growth

Agostino Bassi showed that

a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus

Pasteur believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a

protozoan

who proved that a bacterium causes anthrax in 1877

Robert Koch

Robert koch applied his postulates to what to get a nobel prize

tuberculosis

Kochs postulates

the microorganism must be found in every case of the disease, be isolated and grown in pure culture, cause disease when introduced into a healthy host, and be re-isolated from the infected host

who Advocated smallpox inoculation in Europe

1717 lady mary montagu

who Deliberately inoculated patients with cowpox lesions to prevent smallpox in 1796

edward jenner

what did pasteur do in 1881 and 1885

1881- chemicaly altered anthrax 1885- attenuated rabies virus(Based on work with fowl cholera)

who advocated for handwashing in 1840s

semmelweis (chlorine)

who Used a chemical disinfectant (carbolic acid) to prevent surgical wound infections in 1860s

lister

what was long used to trate malaria

quinine from tree bark

Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, _____, to treat _____

salvarsan;syphilis

sulfonamides

class of antibiotics in 1930s

Alexander Fleming observed that

Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus

in 1941 Howard Florey and Ernst Chain purified ____

penecillin

in what uyears was penecillin tested and mass produced

1940s

Microbial genetics:

how microbes inherit traits

Molecular biology:

how DNA directs protein synthesis

Genomics:

the study of an organism’s genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

* Recombinant DNA:

DNA made from two different sources

recombinant dna example

in 1960s paul berg inserted animal dna into bacteria dna and bacteria produced animal protein

monod said that

what is true for e. coli is true for the elephant

Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called

normal microbiota

Normal microbiota prevent growth o

pathogens

Normal microbiota produce growth factors, such as

folic acid and vitamin K

Bacteria recycle _____, ____, ____, and _____ that can be used by plants and animals

carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorus

Bacteria degrade organic matter in

sewage

Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as

oil and mercury

bioremediation

process that uses microorganisms to clean up contaminated soil, water, and other environments

Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to

chemical pesticides (ex: bacillus thuringiiensis)

Recombinant DNA technology enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, including

medicine and vaccines;also used for gene delivery

genetically modofied bacteria is the _____ gene therapy si the____

product;microbe

a disease mena sthe pathogen _____

overcomes host resistence

emerging infection diseases (viruses)

avian flu, west nile encephalitis, zika virus, ebola

emerging inbfectious diseases (bacteria)

E. Coli 0157:H7