microbiology exam 2 lec 3 part 2 Flashcards
What is the electron acceptor and products when nitrate (NO₃⁻) is used in anaerobic respiration?
When nitrate (NO₃⁻) is used as the electron acceptor, the products are nitrite (NO₂⁻), nitrogen gas (N₂), and water (H₂O).
What is the electron acceptor and products when sulfate (SO₄²⁻) is used in anaerobic respiration?
When sulfate (SO₄²⁻) is used as the electron acceptor, the products are hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and water (H₂O).
What is the electron acceptor and products when carbonate (CO₃²⁻) is used in anaerobic respiration?
When carbonate (CO₃²⁻) is used as the electron acceptor, the products are methane (CH₄) and water (H₂O).
Where does glycolysis occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
Prokaryotes: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
Where does the intermediate step (conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA) occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes: The intermediate step occurs in the cytoplasm.
Prokaryotes: The intermediate step occurs in the cytoplasm
Where does the Krebs cycle occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes: The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
Prokaryotes: The Krebs cycle occurs in the cytoplasm.
Where does the electron transport chain (ETC) occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes: The ETC occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Prokaryotes: The ETC occurs in the plasma membrane.
How much ATP is produced in glycolysis during aerobic respiration?
Glycolysis produces 2 ATP.
ow much NADH is produced in glycolysis during aerobic respiration?
Glycolysis produces 2 NADH.
how much FADH₂ is produced in glycolysis during aerobic respiration?
Glycolysis produces 0 FADH₂.
How much ATP is produced in the intermediate step (pyruvate to acetyl CoA) during aerobic respiration?
The intermediate step produces 0 ATP.
ow much NADH is produced in the intermediate step during aerobic respiration?
The intermediate step produces 2 NADH.
How much FADH₂ is produced in the intermediate step during aerobic respiration?
The intermediate step produces 0 FADH₂.
how much ATP is produced in the Krebs cycle during aerobic respiration?
The Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP.
How much NADH is produced in the Krebs cycle during aerobic respiration?
The Krebs cycle produces 6 NADH.
How much FADH₂ is produced in the Krebs cycle during aerobic respiration?
The Krebs cycle produces 2 FADH₂.
What is the total amount of ATP produced from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule using aerobic respiration?
The total ATP produced is 4 ATP (from glycolysis and Krebs cycle).
What is the total amount of NADH produced from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule using aerobic respiration?
The total NADH produced is 10 NADH (from glycolysis, intermediate step, and Krebs cycle).
What is the total amount of FADH₂ produced from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule using aerobic respiration?
he total FADH₂ produced is 2 FADH₂ (from the Krebs cycle).
How much ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis?
Glycolysis produces 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.
How much ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation in glycolysis?
lycolysis produces 6 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation (from the 2 NADH produced).
How much ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation in the intermediate step (pyruvate to acetyl CoA)?
The intermediate step produces 0 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.
How much ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation in the intermediate step?
The intermediate step produces 6 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation (from the 2 NADH produced).
How much ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation in the Krebs cycle?
The Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.
How much ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation in the Krebs cycle?
The Krebs cycle produces 18 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation (from the 6 NADH and 2 FADH₂ produced)
How much ATP is produced in total by substrate-level phosphorylation during the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule?
The total ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation is 4 ATP (2 from glycolysis + 2 from the Krebs cycle).
How much ATP is produced in total by oxidative phosphorylation during the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule?
The total ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation is 30 ATP (6 from glycolysis + 6 from the intermediate step + 18 from the Krebs cycle).
How much ATP is produced in total by oxidative phosphorylation from NADH?
The total ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation from NADH is 30 ATP (3 ATP per NADH × 10 NADH).
How much ATP is produced in total by oxidative phosphorylation from FADH₂?
The total ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation from FADH₂ is 4 ATP (2 ATP per FADH₂ × 2 FADH₂).
What is the general use of the term fermentation in the context of food?
In general use, fermentation refers to any spoilage of food by microorganisms
What is the general use of the term fermentation in the context of alcoholic beverages and dairy products?
In general use, fermentation refers to any process that produces alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products.
How is fermentation defined in the context of industrial processes?
In industry, fermentation refers to any large-scale microbial process occurring with or without air.
What is the scientific definition of fermentation?
Fermentation is a process that releases energy from the oxidation of organic molecules. It does not require oxygen, does not use the Krebs cycle or electron transport chain (ETC), and uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor.
What does alcohol fermentation produce?
Alcohol fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO₂).
What does lactic acid fermentation produce?
Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid.
What is homolactic fermentation?
Homolactic fermentation is a type of lactic acid fermentation that produces only lactic acid.
What is heterolactic fermentation?
Heterolactic fermentation is a type of lactic acid fermentation that produces lactic acid and other compounds.
What are biochemical tests used for in microbiology?
Biochemical tests are used to detect varying metabolic pathways in order to identify bacteria.
protein catabolism formula
urea–urease–> NH3+CO3
How do amino acids contribute to protein catabolism?
they undergo deamination, decarboxylation, dehydrogenation, and desulfurization to enter metabolic pathways.
What is deamination?
The removal of the amino group from amino acids.
What is decarboxylation?
The removal of a carboxyl group (-COOH) from an amino acid.
What is dehydrogenation?
The removal of hydrogen atoms from amino acids.
How do organic acids contribute to protein catabolism?
They enter the Krebs cycle for further energy production.
What is desulfurization?
the removal of sulfur from sulfur-containing amino acids.
urease turns what color if positive
pink
What is the process of photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy (ATP).
What are the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
Light-dependent reactions use light energy to produce ATP and NADPH.
What is carbon fixation in photosynthesis?
Carbon fixation is the process of fixing carbon into organic molecules during the light-independent reactions.
What is the Calvin-Benson cycle?
The Calvin-Benson cycle is the light-independent (dark) reaction where carbon is fixed into organic molecules.
What is oxygenic photosynthesis?
Oxygenic photosynthesis is the type of photosynthesis where oxygen is produced as a byproduct (e.g., in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria).
What is anoxygenic photosynthesis?
Anoxygenic photosynthesis is a type of photosynthesis where no oxygen is produced (e.g., in certain bacteria like purple sulfur bacteria).
What is cyclic photophosphorylation?
Cyclic photophosphorylation involves light-excited electrons passing through the electron transport chain in Photosystem I, generating energy for ATP production without the production of NADPH or oxygen.
What is noncyclic photophosphorylation?
Noncyclic photophosphorylation involves light-excited electrons in Photosystem II and Photosystem I, passing through the electron transport chain to produce ATP and NADPH, with oxygen being released as a byproduct.
What is the input for the Calvin-Benson cycle?
ribulose diphosphate and carbon dioxide.
What is the output of the Calvin-Benson cycle?
he output of the Calvin-Benson cycle is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
What are the key molecules in the Calvin-Benson cycle?
Key molecules include ribulose diphosphate (RuBP), 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA), 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).
What is the energy and carbon source for photoautotrophs?
Photoautotrophs use light as their energy source and CO₂ as their carbon source.
Examples: Cyanobacteria, plants (oxygenic); Green bacteria, purple bacteria (anoxygenic).
What is the energy and carbon source for photoheterotrophs?
Photoheterotrophs use light as their energy source and organic compounds as their carbon source.
Examples: Green bacteria, purple nonsulfur bacteria.
What is the energy and carbon source for chemoautotrophs?
Chemoautotrophs use chemical compounds as their energy source and CO₂ as their carbon source.
Examples: Iron-oxidizing bacteria.
What is the energy and carbon source for chemoheterotrophs?
Chemoheterotrophs use chemical compounds as their energy source and organic compounds as their carbon source.
Examples: Fermentative bacteria, animals, protozoa, fungi, bacteria.
What is the biosynthesis of glycogen in bacteria?
glucose 6 phosphate uses atp to make ADPG which then makes glycogen
What is the biosynthesis of glycogen in animals?
glucose 6 phosphate uses utp to make UDPG to make glycogen
What is the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan in bacteria?
fructose 6 phosphate uses utp to make UDPNAc to make the peptidoglyca for bacteria
How are amino acids synthesized via the Krebs cycle?
amination or transamination.
What is transamination in amino acid biosynthesis?
Transamination involves transferring an amino group from one molecule to another, forming a new amino acid.
What is transamination in amino acid biosynthesis?
Transamination is the transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to a keto acid, forming a new amino acid.
What is the process of transamination?
In transamination, glutamic acid transfers its amino group to oxaloacetic acid, forming aspartic acid and α-ketoglutaric acid.
Which molecules are involved in transamination?
Glutamic acid and oxaloacetic acid are involved in transamination, forming aspartic acid and α-ketoglutaric acid.
what are amphibolic pathways in metabolism?
Amphibolic pathways are metabolic pathways that have both catabolic (breakdown) and anabolic (synthesis) functions.
