Module 1 Flashcards
3 parts of the scientific attitude
Curiosity, skepticism, humility
Curiosity
-Part of the scientific attitude
-passion to explore and understand the world using an emipirical (based on observable evidence) approach
Skepticism
-part of the scientific attitude
- using critical thinking
- analyzing theater than accepting claims
- examining assumptions, identifying biases and considering other options
Humility
- Part of the scientific attitude
- accept that you might be wrong
- Acknowledging vulnerability in error
- openness to new ideas
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
Early Greek philosophers who weren’t scientists but asked interesting questions
Ibn Al-Haytham
- 1011 AD
- book of optics
- “First true scientist”
- Explained box with pinhole and upside down tree
Wilhem Wundt
- Established first psycology lab
- interested in “atoms of the mind” (simplest mental processes), structuralist approach
- Conducted experiments involving response to stimuli
- Used introspective reports (limited by biases and inconsistency - don’t always know what’s going on in your own kind)
Edward Titchener
- Influenced by Wundt
- introspective report
- experimenter present stimuli to observer who reported their experiences
- sought to understand the mind by breaking it down into small components
Structuralist Approach
Considering thoughts, feelings, and sensations as structural components of the mind
William James
- heavily inspired by Darwin
- functionalist approach - why we evolved to think the way we do
- largely responsible for bringing psychology as a science to the United States
Functionalist approach
asks why (evolutionarily) we think/behave the ways we do
Mary Calkins
- Student of William James
- Studied dreams and visual perception
- Started first psychology lab for women
Margaret Washburn
- Student of Edward Tishner
- barred from his experimental psychology organization because she was a woman
- wrote “The Animal Mind”
Behaviorism
- Rejected introspection as too subjective and unreliable
- focused on objective measurements
- stimulus and response research often done with animal subjects
- can’t see into the mind (“black box”)
Watson and Skinner
- Behaviorist researchers who redefined psychology from science of internal “mental life” to a science of directly observable behavior
- Heavily inspired by Pavlov (conditioned response)
Freudian (Psychoanalytic) Psychology
- Emphasized the unconsious and how early childhood experiences affect later behavior
- more philosophical than scientific
- “projective” methods (dream analysis, ink blot, word association, etc.)
Two dominant movements in the 20th century (until the 1960’s)
Behaviorism and Freudian
The Cognitive revolution
- started in the 1950’s - 1960’s
- advances in a variety of fields (psych, linguistics, cs)
- renewed interest in studying mental processes scientifically
- rise of cognitive neruoscience
Neuroscience
Science of the brain
Cognitive psychology
Science of the mind
Cognitive neuroscience
Interdisciplinary field that ties cognitive psychology and neuroscience and focus on brain activity underlying mental activity
Humanistic psychology
- 1960’s
- focused on the ways human potential is nurtured/stifles and on the importance of love and acceptance
- led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Contemporary psychology (modern day psych)
- has become a diverse field with many subfields (clinical, developmental, social, etc.)
- biophsychosochial approach
Biopsychosocial approach
- part of contemporary psychology
- considers biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors
positive psychology
- 21st century
- focuses on human flourishing and well-being, living a fulfilling life
- somewhat like humanistic psychology but more scientific
- Martine Seligman is key propenent
Martin Seligman
key proponent of positive psychology
counselors/therapists
- Counself people coping with life challenges and crises
- may or may not be psychologists
- Counseling is for short-term
- Therapy is for long-term
Clinical psychologists
- asses and treat people with psychological disorders
Psychiatrists
- medical doctors who can prescribe medications to people with psychological disorders
- can also use other treatments
