Mod 7 Cellular Respiration

Question 1

what are the two types of phosphorylation?

Answer 1

substrate-level, oxidative

Question 2

what are the stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 2

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

Question 3

where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 3

cytoplasm

Question 4

where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

Answer 4

mitochondria?

Question 5

where does citric acid cycle occur?

Answer 5

mitochondria

Question 6

whee does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Answer 6

mitochondria

Question 7

what occurs in glycolysis?

Answer 7

glucose partially broken down, and small amount of energy is released

Question 8

what occurs in pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 8

pyruvate is produced, converted into acetyl-CoA and CO2 (carried by electron carrier)

Question 9

what occurs in citric acid cycle?

Answer 9

acetyl-coa broken down and releases/makes CO2

Question 10

what occurs in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 10

electron carriers used in stages 1-3 release high-energy electrons to electron transport chain, produces ATP

Question 11

do we need oxygen in the first stage?

Answer 11

not needed
can do with or without oxygen

Question 12

which stages does substrate-level phosphorylation occur in?

Answer 12

1-3

Question 13

in cellular respiration, what produces a small amount of ATP?

Answer 13

• substrate-level phosphorylation
• synthesized by a hydrolysis reaction (involves enzyme/substrate complex)

Question 14

in cellular respiration, what helps produce a majority of ATP?

Answer 14

• oxidative phosphorylation
• occurs when proteins harness the energy released to produce ATP

Question 15

is ATP made in pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 15

no

Question 16

what are the important electron carriers in cellular respiratoin?

Answer 16

NAD+ and FAD

Question 17

how is the energy stored in glucose harnessed?

Answer 17

in electron carriers as glucose oxidized into CO2

Question 18

in breakdown of glucose, what molecules are oxidized and reduced?

Answer 18

glucose is oxidized to CO2, and O2 is reduced to H20

Question 19

what does OIL RIG mean?

Answer 19

Oxidation is loss of electrons
Reduction is gain of electrons

Question 20

What does LEO the lion says “GER” mean?

Answer 20

Loss of electrons is oxidation
Gain of electrons is reduction

Question 21

in cellular respiration, what is the final electron acceptor?

Answer 21

oxygen

Question 22

when 02 is reduced what happens?

Answer 22

H20 is formed

Question 23

what is the original electron donor in cellular respiration?

Answer 23

glucose

Question 24

how do electrons move from one molecule to the next during cellular respiration?

Answer 24

reduction reactions (move through energy)

Question 25

what are the oxidized forms of electron carriers?

Answer 25

NAD+ and FAD

Question 26

what are the reduced forms of electron carriers?

Answer 26

NADH and FADH2

Question 27

which stages do electrons become reduced?

Answer 27

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle

Question 28

does the reduced form of electron carriers have high potential energy?

Answer 28

yes, and are used to synthesize ATP in the final stage of cellular respiration

Question 29

what causes free energy to decrease?

Answer 29

ATP synthesis, sitting in electron carrier

Question 30

what is the catabolic pathway?

Answer 30

universal

Question 31

in glycolysis, goes from six-carbon glucose to?:

Answer 31

three-carbon pyruvate

Question 32

where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 32

in cytosol, with prescense or absence of oxygen

Question 33

because no oxygen is consumed in glycolysis, what is this process called?

Answer 33

anaerobic process

Question 34

what are the three phases of glycolysis

Answer 34

preparatory phase, cleavage phase, payoff phase

Question 35

what happens in the preparatory stage?

Answer 35

energy is consumed, use two ATP(two phosphate groups) to destabilize glucose to get it ready for phase 2 - fructose 1, 6-biphosphate

Question 36

what happens in the cleavage phase?

Answer 36

where glucose(fructose 1, 6-biphosphate) split into two: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxaceteon phosphate (converts into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) - end up with two glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate at end of phase 2

Question 37

what happens in the payoff phase?

Answer 37

- two molecules of pyruvate are formed - two molecules of electron carrier NADH produced - four molecules of ATP produced

Question 38

what occurs at the end of glycolysis?

Answer 38

- net gain of two ATP from glycolysis substrate-level phosphorylation (occur in cytoplasm) - phase 3 produce 4 ATP molecules, and produce two NADH

Question 39

what is the space between two membranes called?

Answer 39

inter membrane space

Question 40

what is the space inside the inner membrane called?

Answer 40

mitochondrial matrix

Question 41

in pyruvate oxidation is oxygen present?

Answer 41

yes

Question 42

when oxygen is present what happens in pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 42

pyruvate is oxidized to produce carbon dioxide CO2 and NADH (then converted into two acetyl-CoA) - ultimately to produce acetyl-CoA - reactions occur in mitochondrial matrix

Question 43

what happens when pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA?

Answer 43

further broken down into citric acid cycle by being transferred by coenzyme A

Question 44

what is conducting the reactions catalyzed in pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 44

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (first step in cytosol)

Question 45

order of pyruvate inside mitochondria?

Answer 45

outer membrane -> intermembrane -> inner membrane -> mitochondrial matrix

Question 46

at the end of pyruvate oxidation, how many and what molecules are produced?

Answer 46

two molecules - CO2 molecule two molecules - NADH two molecules - acetyl-CoA because at the end of glycolysis, two pyruvate molecules are produced!

Question 47

what additional names does citric acid cycle have?

Answer 47

krebs cycle

Question 48

why is citric acid cycle called a cycle?

Answer 48

first reactant in process is regenerated at the end (oxaloacetate)

Question 49

what happens during the citric acid cycle?

Answer 49

- citric acid cycle completes oxidation of glucose and produces CO2 - undergo substrate-level phosphorylation, produce ATP - additional energy management molecules - NADH and FADH2 are produced

Question 50

what are the use of intermediates in the citric acid cycle?

Answer 50

organisms can use products from different steps in the citric acid cycle as intermediates for other metabolic pathways

Question 51

why do we exhale CO2?

Answer 51

- oxidation of acetyl-CoA produces carbon dioxide that we exhale - transfer of potential energy stored in acetyl-CoA stored in NADH and FADH2 - production of GTP catalyzed by substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 52

what is the fate of high energy molecules?

Answer 52

NADH and FADH2 produced transfer electrons to other carriers in electron transport chain (ETC)

Question 53

where is the ETC located?

Answer 53

mitochondrial inner membrane

Question 54

what does the ETC do in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 54

help electrons enter and move from donors to acceptor

Question 55

what is the final acceptor (oxidizer) in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 55

oxygen

Question 56

what happens when oxygen accepts the electron in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 56

reduced to H2O

Question 57

What do plant cells store glucose as?

Answer 57

starch

Question 58

What do animal cells store glucose as?

Answer 58

glycogen

Question 59

what is glycogen made up of?

Answer 59

branched chain of glucose molecules attached to central protein

Question 60

what is starch made up of?

Answer 60

branched chain of glucose molecules

Question 61

what are the characteristics of lipids?

Answer 61

excellent energy source, shortened through beta-oxidation - lipids broken down into glycerol and acetyl-Coa

Question 62

What is the key end product of cellular respiration?

Answer 62

ATP