M1 Flashcards
1
1
Q
gross anatomy
A
large structures of body that can be seen with the naked eye
2
Q
microscopic anatomy
A
structures that can only been seen with the use of an instrument (microscope)
3
Q
physiology
A
study of function through chemistry and physics. largely focuses on homeostatic
4
Q
homeostatic
A
state of internal conditions maintained by living things
5
Q
regional anatomy
A
how muscles, nerves, blood systems work together to serve body region
6
Q
systematic anatomy
A
group of structures that work together to perform a function
7
Q
dissections
A
used to diagnose problems concerning tumors, and fractured bones
8
Q
anatomy definition
A
definition: to cut apart
9
Q
form
A
related to function of living things. arrangement of nerves and muscles to perform function
10
Q
cell
A
smallest unit of living organism
11
Q
bacteria
A
each is a single cell
12
Q
organelles
A
units that are contain water-based cellular fluid
13
Q
tissue
A
group of similar/related cells
14
Q
organ
A
composed of two or more tissues - perform specific physiological function
15
Q
organ system
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organs work together perform major function - meet physiological needs of body
16
Q
organism
A
independently perform physiologic function
17
Q
integumentary system
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enclose internal structure - site of sensory receptors (skin, protect from potentially harmful microorganism and toxins)
18
Q
skeletal
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support, enable movement
19
Q
muscular system
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enable movement, maintain temperature
20
Q
nervous system
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process sensory information, body responses
21
Q
endocrine system
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secrete hormones, regulate body processes
22
Q
cardiovascular system
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deliver oxygen and nutrients, equalize temperature
23
Q
lymphatic system
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fluid to blood, defend from pathogens
24
Q
respiratory system
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removes carbon dioxide, oxygen to blood
25
digestive system
process food, remove waste
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urinary system
balance water, remove waste from blood by excretion
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male reproductive system
produce sex hormone
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female reproductive system
produce sex hormone, support embryo till birth, produce milk
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cell membrane
keeps intracellular from extracellular
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blood vessels
keep blood inside circulatory system
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nerves and muscles
wrapped in connective tissue sheath
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metabolism
function to consume foods, convert into fuel - sum of anabolic and catabolic occurring simultaneously
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anabolism
smaller/simpler molecule combined into complex - uses energy by combining small molecules from food, stores energy
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catabolism
larger/complex substance broken into smaller molecules - release energy, ATP broken down
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ATP
stores (anabolic) and releases energy (catabolic)
36
responsiveness
adjusts to internal and external environments
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movement
motion of joints, organs, cells (muscle contracting and relaxing)
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development
process of differentiation (growth and repair), throughout life
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growth
increase number of cells
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reproduction
formation of new from parent organisms - w/o line of organism would en
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oxygen
key to keeping chemical reactions in body alive, reactions producing ATP (brain cells more sensitive)
42
nutrients
water, energy-yielding and body-building nutrients
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water
most crucial nutrient, body's chemical functions are dissolves and transported in water - largest component of cells
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energy-yielding
carbohydrates and lipids - can be used in metabolic processes converting to ATP
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macronutrients
water and energy-yielding - participate in many chemical reactions and processes
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cannot be stored micronutrients
vitamin C, B, water-soluble
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stored micronutrients
stored in tissue, draw on reserves when fail to consume - few days, to a week
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narrow range of temperature
when rises well above or below - enzymes lose normal structure and chemical reactions of metabolism stop working
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short-term exposure to heat
sweating.- remove thermal energy, cool down, evaporates form skin
50
short-term exposure to cold
shivering - random muscle movement to generate heat, breakdown of stored energy, reducing blood circulation to extremities
51
controlled hypothermia
clinically induced hypothermia to reduce metabolic rate of organ or person's entire body
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hypothermia
abnormally low temperature
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atmospheric pressure
force exerted by mixture of gases, there is constant pressure pressing down body which keeps gases within body - ability to breathe (take in oxygen, release carbon dioxide)
54
decompression sickness (DCS)
gases dissolved in blood no longer dissolve following reduction in pressure on body
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symptoms of decompression sickness
pain in joints, headache, vision disturbance
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decompression sickness treatment
pure oxygen - affected persons moved into hyperbaric chamber (introduces oxygen to body at high pressure)
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importance of dynamic pressure of body fluids
human survival, pressure exerted by blood flowing within blood vessels
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w/o hypothermia
body continuously engages in coordinated physiological processes to maintain stable temperature
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set point
where normal range flucturates
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normal range
restricted set values for optimal health - 37°C (98.6°F)
60
negative feedback
maintain body parameters within normal range - maintain homeostasis. consists of three basic components - sensor, control centre, effector
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negative feedback system
stimulus must drive physiological parameter beyond normal range
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negative feedback loop
stimulus - sensor - control - effector - response
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body temperature regulation
body temperature > 37°C - nerve cells in skin and brain - temperature regulatory centre in brain - sweat glands throughout body - increased heat loss
64
negative feedback components
blood vessel dilate allowing more blood to flow to surface - allow heat to radiate into environment
blood flow to skin increases - sweat glands activated increases output, sweat evaporates into air with heat
increase in depth of respiration - mouth breathing instead os nasal, increase heat loss from lungs
DIFFERS when body reacts to cold
65
positive feedback
intensifies change in physiological condition - normal activation when there is a definite end point (childbirth and blood loss)
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childbirth positive feedback
when extreme muscular work of labor and delivery results from positive feedback system
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positive feedback loop
head pushes cervix - nerve impulse transmits to brain - brain stimulate pituitary gland secreting oxytocin - oxytocin carried in bloodstream to uterus - oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction, pushes baby towards cervix
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extreme damage - positive feedback
excessive blood loss, less circulating reduced blood to brain/organs. body releases substances in injured blood vessel begin blood clotting, each clotting stimulates release of more clotting substance
69
anatomical position
standing upright, feet shoulder width parallel, palms facing forward
70
prone
face-down orientation
71
supine
face-up orientation
72
regional terms
used to help increase precision
73
directional terms
describe relative location of different body structures:
anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, lateral, medial, proximal, distal, superficial, deep
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anterior
or ventral - direction towards front of body, toes anterior to foot
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posterior
or dorsal - direction towards back of body, foot posterior to toes
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superior
or cranial - direction above, shoulder superior to hands
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inferior
or caudal - direction below, hand inferior to shoulder
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lateral
direction towards side of body, rib lateral to cranium
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medial
direction towards middle of body, cranium medial to rib
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proximal
limb nearer to point to attachment, brachium proximal to antebrachium
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distal
position of limb further away from attachment, crus distal to femur
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superficial
position closer to surface of body, skin superficial to bones
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deep
position further away from surface of body, bones deep to skin
84
section
two-dimensional of three-dimensional structure
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plane
imaginary two-dimensional surface passing through body
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midsagittal plane
divide vertically directly in the middle into right and left
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parasagittal plane
divide body vertically into unequal right and left sides
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frontal plan
dived body into anterior and posterior - coronal plan
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transverse plane
divide horizontally into upper and lower portions
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cranial cavity
brain
91
spinal cavity
spinal cord
92
continuous structure
brain and spinal cord
93
thoracic cavity
contain lungs and heart
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abdominopelvic cavity
contains organs of reproduction
95
abdominal regions and quadrants
to point out abdominal pain, mass - divided into either nine abdominal regions, or four quadrants
96
serous membrane
thin membrane cover wall of organ, thoracic, abdominopelvic cavities
97
parietal layers
line walls of body cavity
98
visceral layer
cover organs
99
pleura
serous membrane enclose pleural cavity (reduce fiction between lungs and body wall)- surrounding lungs
100
pericardium
serous membrane enclosing pericardial cavity (reduce friction between heart and walll) - surrounding the heart
101
peritoneum
serous membrane enclosing peritoneal cavity (reduce friction between abdominal and pelvic organs and body wall) - surrounds several organs in abdominopelvic cavity
102
parietal and visceral serosa
secrete thin slippery serous fluid within serous cavities
103
serous membranes
provide additional protection to viscera, reduce friction leading to inflammation of the lungs
104
x-rays
ray pass through flesh, leaving outline of bone.
used to detect injuries and diseases.
form of high electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength penetrating solids, ionizing gases.
used to discern high body structures - bones and teeth.
capable of damaging cells, frequent exposure - can lead to initiating changes of cells leading to cancer
105
computed tomography (ct scan)
noninvasive - analyze cross-sectional x-rays to reveal details of structures - combines two-dimensional view of scanned area (slices).
cons - exposes to radiation many times, increased risk of developing cancer
106
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
precise imaging to discover tumors, exposed to powerful electromagnets, enclosed in room, noisy.
detects concentration of blood flow
help learn more about brain diseases and abnormalities
pros - not exposing to radiation
cons - painful, higher cost
107
positron emission tomography (PET)
radio pharmaceuticals to emit radiation - safer to administer to body
pros - illustrate physiologic activity (nutrient metabolism, blood flow
used to diagnose a multitude of conditions, heart disease, spread of cancer, certain form of infection
108
ultrasonography
transmission of high-frequency sound waves generating echo to computer - make image of anatomy and physiology
used to study heart function, blood flow, fetal growth development
cons- image heavily operator dependent
unable to penetrate bone or gas
